Contextualizing Consensus Protocols in Blockchain: A Short Survey

Bashar, Golam Dastoger; Hill, Graham L.; Singha, Subroto; Marella, Praneeth Babu; Dagher, Gaby G.; Xiao, Jidong

doi:10.1109/tps-isa48467.2019.00031

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In [90], the authors present several consensus protocols for comparing the qualities of blockchain technology in terms of computation, vulnerabilities, and other factors. They provide a complete view of public and private blockchains and also present a taxonomy of all consensus protocols.…”

Section: Other Important Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Consensus Protocols and Attacks on Blockchain Technology

Guru

Mohanta²,

Mohapatra

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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In the current era, blockchain has approximately 30 consensus algorithms. This architecturally distributed database stores data in an encrypted form with multiple checks, including elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) and Merkle hash tree. Additionally, many researchers aim to implement a public key infrastructure (PKI) cryptography mechanism to boost the security of blockchain-based data management. However, the issue is that many of these are required for advanced cryptographic protocols. For all consensus protocols, security features are required to be discussed because these consensus algorithms have recently been attacked by address resolution protocols (ARP), distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS), and sharding attacks in a permission-less blockchain. The existence of a byzantine adversary is perilous, and is involved in these ongoing attacks. Considering the above issues, we conducted an informative survey based on the consensus protocol attack on blockchain through the latest published article from IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, ACM, Willy, Hindawi, and other publishers. We incorporate various methods involved in blockchain. Our main intention is to gain clarity from earlier published articles to elaborate numerous key methods in terms of a survey article.

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Section: Other Important Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Consensus Protocols and Attacks on Blockchain Technology

Guru

Mohanta²,

Mohapatra

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For IoT nodes, the computing power is relatively limited, and we need to apply the computing power to actual work scenarios without mining. Proof of Stake (PoW) and Proof of Assets (PoA) are two consensus algorithms proposed to reduce the waste of computing power caused by mining, but to a certain extent, they sacrifice the decentralization of the consensus algorithm [ 28 ]. In particular, PoA relies on preset authorized nodes (signers) to be responsible for generating blocks, so it has a high degree of centralization [ 29 ].…”

Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

IoT Adaptive Dynamic Blockchain Networking Method Based on Discrete Heartbeat Signals

Su²,

Guo³

2020

Sensors

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The combination of blockchain technology and Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought many significant advantages and new development directions. With the development of embedded technology and 5G communication technology, the performance limitations and network limitations that are traditionally believed to restrict the application of blockchain technology to IoT devices have been broken. The development of “blockchain + 5G + IoT” provides reliable data from the source for the blockchain, linking the credible mapping of physical assets and digital assets. However, at the beginning of the blockchain design, the application of the IoT was not fully considered, so there have been some obvious defects in applying the blockchain technology in the IoT. In the Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm of traditional blockchain, the entire blockchain network will become paralyzed when more than 1/3 of the nodes in the network are offline. However, in IoT applications, this situation is likely to occur and greatly limits the security and stability of the application of blockchain technology in the IoT. In order to solve this problem, we proposed an IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain networking method based on discrete heartbeat signals. The feature of the method is to set a different monitoring time for each group of nodes, that is, discrete heartbeat signals monitoring. When the number of nodes gradually decreases, the IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain network can dynamically adapt to this process. Even when more than 1/3 of the IoT are offline, the adaptive dynamic IoT blockchain network can maintain stable running. This method also has the advantages of a short network expectation recovery time and avoids instantaneous system paralysis caused by the thundering herd effect. This research improves the security and stability of the application of blockchain technology in the IoT, and provides the necessary technical foundation for the better combination of blockchain technology and IoT technology.

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“…Bashar vd. [9] blok zinciri teknolojisini destekleyen çeşitli konsensüs protokollerini ele almakta ve bunları hesaplama zorluğu, güvenlik açıkları, maliyet açısından nesnel olarak karşılaştırmaktadır.…”

Section: Gi̇ri̇ş (Introduction)unclassified

Merkez Bankası Dijital Para Birimi: Tasarım ve Protokol Mekanizmaları Bağlamında Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

YILDIRIM¹,

AFŞAR

BEKTAŞ

2023

Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi

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Bitcoin ile başlayan kripto para ekosistemi ve büyük teknoloji şirketlerinin kendi ödeme sistemlerini kurma girişimleri, merkez bankalarının para üzerindeki tekel haklarını tehdit etmeye başlamıştır. Merkez bankalarının bu gelişmelere olan nihai tepkisi merkez bankası dijital parasıdır (CBDC). Bu çalışmada blok zinciri ağlarında kullanılan alternatif protokol mekanizmalarının, verimlilik, güvenlik ve mahremiyet bağlamında karşılaştırması CBDC literatürünü kapsayacak şekilde yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı protokol ve tasarım özelliklerinin “yeni finansal mimari” içindeki işlevini analiz etmektir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, CBDC tasarımında bahsi geçen protokollerin işleyişini ayrıntılandırıyoruz. Araştırma kapsamında blok zinciri teknolojisi uzmanlarıyla yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği kullanılarak veriler toplanmış ve karşılaştırmalı analize tabi tutulmuştur. Karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemiyle elde edilen bulgulara göre CBDC tasarımında Proof of Authority (POA) protokolünün kullanılması, merkez bankalarına finansal sistemin tümü bağlamında bir gözetim yapabilme şansı tanıyarak bireysel mahremiyeti tamamen ortadan kaldırabilir. Çevrim dışı ödeme (OPS) protokolünün kullanılmadığı durumlarda CBDC’nin amaçlarından biri olan finansal kapsayıcılık işlevsiz kalabilir. Proof of Work (PoW) ve Proof of Stake (PoS) protokollerinin varyasyonlarının kullanılması ise ölçekleme probleminin ortaya çıkmasına neden olabilir. CBDC tasarımlarında kullanılan protokollerin güçlü yönleri dikkate alınarak hibrit bir protokol oluşturulabilir. Protokol yapısının güçlü olması para politikası bağlamında CBDC’nin işlevselliğini arttırabilir. CBDC protokolleri literatürde çoğunlukla verimlilik ve güvenlik boyutlarıyla tartışılmaktadır. Tartışmaya mahremiyet boyutunun da dâhil edilmesi gerektiğini iddia ediyoruz.

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Contextualizing Consensus Protocols in Blockchain: A Short Survey

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

A Survey on Consensus Protocols and Attacks on Blockchain Technology

A Survey on Consensus Protocols and Attacks on Blockchain Technology

IoT Adaptive Dynamic Blockchain Networking Method Based on Discrete Heartbeat Signals

Merkez Bankası Dijital Para Birimi: Tasarım ve Protokol Mekanizmaları Bağlamında Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

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