A Survey on Consensus Protocols and Attacks on Blockchain Technology

Guru, Abhishek; Mohanta, Bhabendu Kumar; Mohapatra, Hitesh; Al‐Turjman, Fadi; Altrjman, Chadi; Yadav, Arvind

doi:10.3390/app13042604

Cited by 27 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…They covered various PKIX and certificate revocation proposals, including their modern implementation on blockchain and ledger technologies. Guru et al [ 20 ] investigated the current landscape of blockchain consensus algorithms, focusing on their security features and vulnerabilities to various attacks such as ARP, DDoS, and sharding in permissionless blockchains.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Threat of Disruptive Jamming to Blockchain-Based Decentralized Federated Learning in Wireless Networks

Kim,

Kim

2024

Sensors

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Machine learning techniques have attracted considerable attention for wireless networks because of their impressive performance in complicated scenarios and usefulness in various applications. However, training with and sharing raw data obtained locally from each wireless node does not guarantee privacy and requires a large communication overhead. To mitigate such issues, federated learning (FL), in which sharing parameters for model updates are shared instead of raw data, has been developed. FL has also been studied using blockchain techniques to efficiently perform learning in distributed wireless systems without having to deploy a centralized server. Although blockchain-based decentralized federated learning (BDFL) is a promising technique for various wireless sensor networks, malicious attacks can still occur, which result in performance degradation or malfunction. In this study, we analyze the impact of a jamming threats from malicious miners to BDFL in wireless networks. In a wireless BDFL system, it is possible for malicious miners with jamming capability to interfere with the collection of model parameters by normal miners, thus preventing the victim miner from generating a global model. By disrupting normal miners participating in BDFL systems, malicious miners with jamming capability can more easily add malicious data to the mainstream. Through various simulations, we evaluated the success probability performance of malicious block insertion and the participation rate of normal miners in a wireless BDFL system.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Threat of Disruptive Jamming to Blockchain-Based Decentralized Federated Learning in Wireless Networks

Kim,

Kim

2024

Sensors

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“…In the context of DSM, this is a highly plausible threat, considering the processing capability available with wealthy mobile network operators. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) attacks, though they are quite conventional, can pose a threat to novel blockchain applications [176]. ARP threats divert the traffic destined for one or more hosts on a local blockchain network and can expose access to the network.…”

Section: New Security and Privacy Issues Related To Blockchain 1) Int...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Blockchain for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing

Perera,

Ranaweera,

Kusaladharma

et al. 2024

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The rapid increase in mobile users, the IoT, and data-hungry applications have brought forth unprecedented demand on the spectrum, which is scarce; on top of that, the existing static spectrum allocation schemes have resulted in a heavily underutilized spectrum which can be mitigated with a Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) scheme with unlicensed users gaining access to the idle spectrum bands of licensed spectrum users opportunistically. Such a DSA and Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) scheme would significantly increase spectral efficiency while facilitating new services and applications beyond 5G (B5G) networks. Even with access to new spectrum bands like terahertz (THz) and Visible light communication and enabling technologies such as Software Defined Networks (SDN) and Cognitive Radio (CR), implementing a fully realized DSM requires rapid sensing, coordination, and management, and sharing of idle spectrum bands in a fair manner while preserving the security and privacy aspects, limiting interferences. With their decentralized, immutable nature, blockchains promise the execution of spectrum access and sharing in a fully transparent, fair manner while preserving privacy and security. Furthermore, blockchain-based Smart Contracts (SCs) allow automation of DSM, cryptocurrencies, and tokens to facilitate the trading of spectrum and related resources. In addition to that, blockchains act as an interface for integrating AI and Machine Learning (ML) techniques into DSM, which provides a certain level of intelligence to the underlying architecture. Although several attempts have been carried out to analyze the research gaps in DSM, a comprehensive analysis addressing the blockchains as the primary solution to address DSM has not been carried out. In this survey, we address the potential of a blockchainbased approach toward realizing a decentralized DSM while presenting future directives to improve the use of blockchains for DSM.

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“…DDoS attacks on blockchain networks mainly refer to malicious mining nodes controlling multiple nodes through the network to attack other honest mining nodes to obtain illegal mining rewards [9]. In the PoW algorithm based on the mining process, malicious miners usually initiate excessive network requests to honest miners [7,10]. Therefore, it is necessary to implement effective models and algorithms in the blockchain network environment based on the PoW algorithm to resist or reduce the loss caused by malicious miners launching DDoS attacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Academics have proposed many methods to solve the DDoS attack problem in the blockchain network layer. At present, these methods can be mainly divided into the following categories: DDoS defense methods combined with blockchain technology, DDoS combination attacks combined with other blockchain attacks, and static game strategies based on the blockchain mining pool [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Among these existing studies, the use of a static game approach to mitigate DDoS attacks is the most effective [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing Miners’ Dynamic Equilibrium in Blockchain Networks under DDoS Attacks

Liu,

Huang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Electronics

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Proof of work (PoW) is one of the most widely used consensus algorithms in blockchain networks. It mainly uses the competition between mining nodes to obtain block rewards. However, this competition for computational power will allow malicious nodes to obtain illegal profits, bringing potential security threats to blockchain systems. A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is a major threat to the PoW algorithm. It utilizes multiple nodes in the blockchain network to attack honest miners to obtain illegal rewards. To solve this problem, academia has proposed a DDoS attack detection mechanism based on reinforcement learning methods and static game modeling methods based on mining pools. However, these methods cannot effectively make miners choose the strategy with the best profit over time when facing DDoS attacks. Therefore, this paper proposes a dynamic evolutionary game model for miners facing DDoS attacks under blockchain networks to solve the above problems for the first time. We address the model by replicating the dynamic equation to obtain a stable solution. According to the theorem of the Lyapunov method, we also obtain the only stable strategy for miners facing DDoS attacks. The experimental results show that compared with the static method, the dynamic method can affect game playing and game evolution over time. Moreover, miners’ strategy to face DDoS attacks gradually shifts from honest mining to launching DDoS attacks against each other as the blockchain network improves.

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A Survey on Consensus Protocols and Attacks on Blockchain Technology

Cited by 27 publications

References 80 publications

The Threat of Disruptive Jamming to Blockchain-Based Decentralized Federated Learning in Wireless Networks

The Threat of Disruptive Jamming to Blockchain-Based Decentralized Federated Learning in Wireless Networks

A Survey on Blockchain for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing

Analyzing Miners’ Dynamic Equilibrium in Blockchain Networks under DDoS Attacks

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