Contextual Effects and Adolescent Substance Use: Exploring the Role of Neighborhoods<sup>*</sup>

Snedker, Karen A.; Herting, Jerald R.; Walton, Emily

doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00677.x

Cited by 68 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…This reflects the knowledge that the physical and social environment matter, that they both constrain and facilitate behavior. Research has linked the physical/social aspects of neighborhoods with exercise [1], body weight [2], inflammatory markers [3], stress [4], mental health [5] and drug use [6]. The study by Livingston [7] in the current issue adds to this literature, replicates the findings of linking alcohol outlets to violence and extends this literature in some important ways.…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

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Commentary on Livingston (2011): Alcohol outlets and domestic violence – acute effects and the social ecology of neighborhoods may both contribute to the relationship

Leonard¹

2011

Addiction

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Commentary on Livingston (2011): Alcohol outlets and domestic violence -acute effects and the social ecology of neighborhoods may both contribute to the relationshipa dd_3396 926..927 'Location, location, location' are the three most important considerations in finding a place to live. This reflects the knowledge that the physical and social environment matter, that they both constrain and facilitate behavior. [6]. The study by Livingston [7] in the current issue adds to this literature, replicates the findings of linking alcohol outlets to violence and extends this literature in some important ways. Most importantly, it provides longitudinal evidence that changes in the number of alcohol outlets are associated with changes in police reports of 'family incidents'.As with other studies of ecological data, the results may have been produced by several different processes. One explanation suggested by Livingston is that increases in alcohol outlets led to increases in heavy drinking episodes, and through the acute effects of alcohol increased the occurrence or severity of domestic disputes to the extent that they are reported to the police. There is a chain of evidence supporting this view. Experimental studies indicate that intoxication leads to increases in experimentally measured aggressive behavior, mainly in male dyads [8]. Other experiments show that alcohol increases the negativity of marital conflicts [9] and verbal expressions of aggressive intentions among maritally aggressive men [10]. Studies of partner violence episodes indicate that episodes are more severe when the man has been drinking [11,12]. Thus, factors that lead to changes in excessive use, either in individuals or in the community, should, through these acute effects, lead to changes in domestic violence.Notwithstanding my belief in the acute effects model [13], it seems unlikely that acute effects alone can account for the results. Perhaps one-third of domestic violence episodes in the community [14], but closer to 40% of police calls for domestic violence [15] involve alcohol. With a conservative estimate that 50% of the episodes did not involve alcohol, the observed rate of 4.76 events would then consist of 2.38 alcohol-involved events. If the estimated increase of 1.36 episodes consists of entirely alcohol-related episodes, this means that a one-packaged outlet increase per 1000 individuals led to a 56% increase in alcohol-related episodes, leading to the question: 'Can the increase in heavy drinking that occurs with an increase of one packaged outlet account for this large of an increase in alcohol-related domestic violence episodes'?. I think the answer is 'probably not', which should lead us to think about other processes. Alternatively, if the estimated increase of 1.36 episodes per 1000 people consists of many episodes that do not involve alcohol, the conclusion is the same; we must think about other processes in addition to acute alcohol effects.The key problem in specifying other explanations for the results is that the process...

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supporting

confidence: 69%

“…This reflects the knowledge that the physical and social environment matter, that they both constrain and facilitate behavior. [6]. The study by Livingston [7] in the current issue adds to this literature, replicates the findings of linking alcohol outlets to violence and extends this literature in some important ways.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

Commentary on Livingston (2011): Alcohol outlets and domestic violence – acute effects and the social ecology of neighborhoods may both contribute to the relationship

Leonard¹

2011

Addiction

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“…Findings from one cross-sectional study suggest that living in a disadvantaged neighborhood could possibly protect against, rather than exacerbate, the link between peer association and target substance use (e.g., Snedker, Herting, & Walton, 2009). This effect could be partly explained by a link between disadvantaged neighborhoods and higher parental monitoring, which in turn has been linked with lower peer and target alcohol use (e.g., Chuang, Ennett, Bauman, & Foshee, 2005).…”

Section: Cross-sectional Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Moderators of the association between peer and target adolescent substance use

Marschall-Lévesque¹,

Castellanos‐Ryan²,

Vitaro³

et al. 2014

Addictive Behaviors

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Associating with substance using peers is generally considered as one of the most important predictors of adolescent substance use. However, peer association does not affect all adolescents in the same way. To better understand when and under what conditions peer association is most linked with adolescent substance use (SU), this review focuses on the factors that may operate as moderators of this association. The review highlighted several potential moderators reflecting adolescents' individual characteristics (e.g., pubertal status, genes and personality), peer and parental factors (e.g., nature of relationships and parental monitoring), and contextual factors (e.g., peer, school and neighborhood context). As peer association is a broad concept, important methodological aspects were also addressed in order to illustrate how they can potentially bias interpretation. Taking these into account, we suggest that, while the effects of some moderators are clear (e.g., parental monitoring and sensation seeking), others are less straightforward (e.g., neighborhood) and need to be further examined. This review also provides recommendations for addressing different methodological concerns in the study of moderators, including: the use of longitudinal and experimental studies and the use of mediated moderation. These will be key for developing theory and effective prevention.

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“…As the most popular illicit drug among adolescents in the USA , traditional research tends to focus on its use especially as it relates to adolescents living in inner-city neighborhoods (Snedker, Herting, and Walton 2009;Winstanley et al 2008). On par with national averages, 39% of New Jersey high school students reported smoking marijuana in their lifetime with rates being higher among males (42%) than females (36%) (Centers for Disease Control 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘If drugs does that to you, then I don't want it.’ Resiliency among non-marijuana using adolescents

Gilliard‐Matthews

Stevens

Medina

2016

Journal of Youth Studies

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The current study utilizes an asset-based approach to examine inner-city African-American and Latino adolescent non-marijuana use. Interview findings suggest that the common theme in adolescent narratives is why they avoid marijuana use. Specifically, adolescents formulate several reasons situated in their perceptions of self, peers, and parents to avoid marijuana use. Drawing on resiliency theory and to broaden our scope of inquiry, we utilize these findings to further delve into the relationship between perceptions of self, peer communication, parental monitoring, and marijuana use avoidance utilizing survey data analysis. Findings can be used to leverage prevention programs with this population. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Contextual Effects and Adolescent Substance Use: Exploring the Role of Neighborhoods^*

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to explore the additive and moderating effects of neighborhood context on substance use among youth. Copyright (c) 2009 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.

Cited by 68 publications

References 61 publications

Commentary on Livingston (2011): Alcohol outlets and domestic violence – acute effects and the social ecology of neighborhoods may both contribute to the relationship

Commentary on Livingston (2011): Alcohol outlets and domestic violence – acute effects and the social ecology of neighborhoods may both contribute to the relationship

Moderators of the association between peer and target adolescent substance use

‘If drugs does that to you, then I don't want it.’ Resiliency among non-marijuana using adolescents

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Contextual Effects and Adolescent Substance Use: Exploring the Role of Neighborhoods*

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to explore the additive and moderating effects of neighborhood context on substance use among youth. Copyright (c) 2009 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.

Cited by 68 publications

References 61 publications

Commentary on Livingston (2011): Alcohol outlets and domestic violence – acute effects and the social ecology of neighborhoods may both contribute to the relationship

Commentary on Livingston (2011): Alcohol outlets and domestic violence – acute effects and the social ecology of neighborhoods may both contribute to the relationship

Moderators of the association between peer and target adolescent substance use

‘If drugs does that to you, then I don't want it.’ Resiliency among non-marijuana using adolescents

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Contextual Effects and Adolescent Substance Use: Exploring the Role of Neighborhoods^*