Contents of 3‐alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines in musts and wines from Vitis vinifera variety Cabernet Sauvignon: influence of irrigation and plantation density

Abstract

The influence of irrigation and plantation density on the methoxypyrazine content in musts and wines has been studied. Samples were monitored throughout grape ripening and wine-making. 3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine, 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine and 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine were identified and quantified. Samples from irrigated vines had significantly higher average contents of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine than samples from non-irrigated plants. Average levels of this compound were also higher in samples from vines with the higher plantation density.

Quantitative Survey of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines and First Confirmation of 3-ethyl-2-methoxypyrazine in South African Sauvignon blanc Wines

“…In addition, seasonal climatic variations may manifest changes in the product as a function of vintage (Jackson, 2000). In grapes, the concentrations of MPs are strongly influenced by terroir (soil, climatic and viniviticultural influences) Allen & Lacey, 1998;Hashizume & Samuta, 1999;Marais et al, 1999;Roujou de Boubee et al, 2000;Marais et al, 2004;Sala et al, 2004Sala et al, , 2005Maggu et al, 2007). The systematic effect of geographical origin and vintage on the total MP concentration of South African Sauvignon blanc wines therefore was investigated using main effects ANOVA.…”

“…In addition, oenological factors also affect wine MP levels. As a consequence, Sauvignon blanc wine possessing the typical green pepper or vegetative aroma is sensitive to production factors such as geographical origin Marais et al, 1999), mesoclimatic conditions Marais et al, 1999;Falcăo et al, 2007), canopy microclimate (Marais et al, 1999;Sala et al, 2005), water availability (Sala et al, 2005), solar radiation (Hashizume & Samuta et al, 1999;Sala et al, 2004) and time of harvesting (Ryona et al, 2010). Marais et al (1999) reported that canopy microclimate plays a particularly important role in determining grape MP levels and that exposure to solar radiation, as manipulated by canopy management, has a more prominent effect than climatic temperature alone.…”

Changes of 3-Alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in Developing Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) and Zuoshanyi (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) Grapes from North China

“…Grape-derived 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines (MPs), particularly 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IPMP) and 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine (s-BMP), have been reported to be important components affecting the flavor of some wines, exhibiting a scent of vegetative, herbaceous and bell pepper character due to their low sensory thresholds (ng/L level) (Lacey et al, 1991;Sala et al, 2005;Ryona et al, 2008;Dunlevy et al, 2009;Ryona et al, 2010). Although these MPs can contribute positively to wine quality in some Vitis vinifera varieties (Parr et al, 2007), an excessive concentration of MPs will mask "fruity and floral" aromas and reduce consumer acceptance (Ryona et al, 2008).…”

“…MPs have been considered to be the varietal aroma components of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Sauvignon blanc, Merlot and Carmenere (Lacey et al, 1991;Sala et al, 2002;Chapman et al, 2004;Sala et al, 2005;Belancic & Agosin, 2007;Falcão et al, 2007;Ryona et al, 2008Ryona et al, , 2010, although they are also found in other varieties of Vitis vinifera, such as Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Riesling and Semillon (Hashizume & Samuta, 1999;Ryona et al, 2010). In Vitis vinifera grapes, MPs accumulate at pre-véraison and then decrease markedly until maturity (Ryona et al, 2008;Dunlevy et al, 2010).…”

“…In Vitis vinifera grapes, MPs accumulate at pre-véraison and then decrease markedly until maturity (Ryona et al, 2008;Dunlevy et al, 2010). The contents of MPs in grapes are affected by cluster light exposure, yield, irrigation condition, vine training, plantation density, seasonal temperature, vineyard altitude and soil (Hashizume & Samuta, 1999;De Boubée et al, 2000;Chapman et al, 2004;Sala et al, 2004Sala et al, , 2005Belancic & Agosin, 2007;Falcão et al, 2007;Ryona et al, 2008;Dunlevy et al, 2009). In addition, IPMP content was reported to be higher in must and wines contaminated by the multicoloured Asian ladybug (Pickering et al, 2004).…”