Contemporary costs of HIV healthcare in the HAART era

Updates of Lifetime Costs of Care and Quality-of-Life Estimates for HIV-Infected Persons in the United States

“…29,30 All these are Department of Health and Human Service-preferred regimens. 18 Second, we substituted ART regimen costs based on the average wholesale price (AWP), which were reported by the Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents in March 2012, 18 for the base case regimen costs, which were estimates of the average manufacturer's price (AMP) from Gebo et al 10 …”

“…We also included the costs of CD4 count ($45) and viral load testing ($107) each quarter and HIV genotype testing ($452) at initiation of the first ART regimen and with every regimen change thereafter. 10 Based on current guidelines 18 and expert opinion, we assumed that HIV-infected patients in the model were treated with up to 3 ART regimens ( Table 1) followed by salvage therapy after failure of the last ART regimen. We simulated time in each regimen using rates that collectively represented regimen changes resulting from treatment failure, toxicity, and tolerability issues.…”

“…We simulated time in each regimen using rates that collectively represented regimen changes resulting from treatment failure, toxicity, and tolerability issues. We derived drug cost estimates for the initial 3 regimens from Gebo et al 10 *We assigned truncated normal distributions based on the ranges of these variables to reflect individual variability in disease progression.…”

Cost-Effectiveness of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Pairs in Efavirenz-Based Regimens for Treatment-Naïve Adults with HIV Infection in the United States

“…Annual non-antiretroviral medical and medication costs by CD4 ϩ cell-count range were derived from a US study by Gebo and colleagues [35], which estimated inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department utilization and costs through interviews with HIV-infected participants (Table 3).…”

Removing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from human blood using immobilized heparin

“…Even the current highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is plagued by its toxicity leading to severe side effects (De Clercq 2007), high cost limiting its implementation in poor communities (Gebo et al 2010), and not being a cure (Nakamura et al 2011). One alternative therapeutic design can be an extracorporeal device that selectively binds HIV in the blood.…”