Contamination status of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish samples from the Bohai Sea, China

Liu, Yang; Yu, Rencheng; Kong, Fan‐Zhou; Li, Chen; Dai, Lei; Chen, Zhen-Fan; Geng, Hui-Xia; Zhou, Mingjiang

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.050

Cited by 52 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…AZA2 and GYM have also been putatively detected in shellfish and phytoplankton in China [4,5], and GYM was widespread in shellfish of the SCS compared to other areas [3,20]. However, AZA2 and GYM have never been reported in marine sediment until this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The YTX toxin components have not been reported in the surface sediment [8,12,13], while they have been extensively reported in YTX causative algae [23], phytoplankton [4], and shellfish [5]. Dinoflagellates Lingulodinium polyedrum , Protoceratium reticulatum , and Gonyaulax spinifera have been identified as producers of the YTX group [23] in the coastal waters of China.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dinoflagellates Alexandrium ostenfeldii and Karenia selliformis were capable of producing GYM [27]. Currently, K. selliformis has not been identified in the coastal waters of China [4,5]. Although A. ostenfeldii was always considered to be a background species with low density, and it had been reported in the SCS and BS, and resting cysts produced by A. ostenfeldii were common in the surface sediment [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A clean-up and enrichment method for methanolic extracts of sediment involving solid phase extraction (SPE) has been developed [4,5]. Strata-X cartridges (3 cm 3 60 mg −1 , Phenomenex, Milford, MA, USA) were used to remove matrix and enriched toxins according to the following procedure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, extensive information for toxins in shellfish, toxic microalgae or phytoplankton has been provided in previous studies [2,3,4,5]. Generally, intracellular toxins in algae are regarded as a source of toxin accumulation in filter-feeding marine animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sediment as a Potential Pool for Lipophilic Marine Phycotoxins with the Case Study of Daya Bay of China

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2019

Marine Drugs

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Marine sediments can reserve many environmental pollutants. Lipophilic marine phycotoxins (LMPs) are natural toxic substances widespread in the marine environment; however, evidence of their existence in sediment is scarce. In the present study, in order to explore the occurrence and distribution characteristics of LMPs in sediment, surface sediment samples collected from a tropical area of Daya Bay (DYB) at different seasons, were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). According to the results, up to six toxin compounds were detected in sediment samples from DYB, OA and DTX1 had the highest levels, followed by PTX2, homo-YTX, AZA2, and GYM. Although AZA2 and GYM were found in most of the sediment, OA, DTX1, homo-YTX, and PTX2 were the predominant toxin compounds, and PTX2 was the most ubiquitous toxin in sediment. The spatial distribution of LMP components in the sediment fluctuated with sampling times, partially according to the physical–chemical parameters of the sediment. There are likely several sources for LMPs existing in surface sediments, but it is difficult to determine contributions of a specific toxin-source in the sediment. Therefore, marine sediments may be a toxin reservoir for LMPs accumulation in benthic organisms via food chains.

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