Contamination of street food with multidrug-resistant Salmonella, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Abstract

Background Gastrointestinal infections are a global public health problem. In Burkina Faso, West Africa, exposure to Salmonella through the consumption of unhygienic street food represents a major risk of infection requiring detailed evaluation. Methods Between June 2017 and July 2018, we sampled 201 street food stalls, in 11 geographic sectors of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. We checked for Salmonella contamination in 201 sandwiches (one per seller), according to the ISO 6579:2002 standard. All Salmonella isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing was performed on a subset of isolates, to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and antimicrobial resistance determinants. Results The prevalence of Salmonella enterica was 17.9% (36/201) and the Salmonella isolates belonged to 16 different serotypes, the most frequent being Kentucky, Derby and Tennessee, with five isolates each. Six Salmonella isolates from serotypes Brancaster and Kentucky were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Whole-genome sequencing revealed that four of these MDR isolates belonged to the emergent S. enterica serotype Kentucky clone ST198-X1 and to an invasive lineage of S. enterica serotype Enteritidis (West African clade). Conclusion This study reveals a high prevalence of Salmonella spp. in sandwiches sold in Ouagadougou. The presence of MDR Salmonella in food on sale detected in this study is also matter of concern.

Genomic characterization of invasive typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella in southwestern Nigeria

“…All the genomes in this cluster belong to Feasey et al [ 25 ] hierBAPS cluster 2 described as the multidrug resistant West African epidemic clade associated with human invasive infections and phenotypic and genotypic resistance to ≥ 1 antimicrobial class. In concordance with the study of Nikiema et al [ 26 ], and as similarly observed with our genomes, members of this clade have similar core genome allelic profiles at HC100. To further investigate the genetic relatedness of the genomes in this study, we determined pairwise SNP differences among the genomes.…”

Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from contaminated areas of Majengo slum in Meru County, Kenya

“…This findings agrees with a study on contamination of street food in Burkina Faso that enteric organisms emerge from cross contamination. 15 The same observation was recorded by. 16 A study conducted on antimicrobial profile in Juja and Kibera found cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin recorded a greater than 30% of antimicrobial resistance 17 this result is much lower than the one reported in the current study that recorded 25% increase.…”

Urban rats as carriers of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type 313, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

“…For all but one Salmonella spp. isolate, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and analysis was performed as previously described [37]. Total DNA was extracted from overnight cultures at 37˚C in tryptic soy broth (TSB) (Oxoid) using the MagNAPure 96 system (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France).…”

“…A "Custom View" was created to add the information on lineages and plasmid repertoire for the S. Typhimurium ST313 from the Pulford et al study [7], that was next compared to the HierCC clustering on cgMLST by EnteroBase [41]. A "Custom View" previously created, including the hierBAPS clade/cluster data described by Feasey et al [37] was used to compare the hierBAPS clustering with the EnteroBase HierCC clustering. A minimum spanning (MS) tree (MStree V2 or GrapeTree) based on the EnteroBase "cgMLST V2 + HierCC V1" scheme was produced for each serotype to estimate the allelic distances between isolates from this study and the genomes from Pulford et al [7] and Feasey et al [43].…”