Contamination of rural ponds with pesticide, 1971–85, Ontario, Canada

Frank, R.; Braun, H. E.; Ripley, B. D.; Clegg, B. S.

doi:10.1007/bf01701222

Cited by 75 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Entry routes of pesticides into adjacent bodies of water resulting from normal agricultural usage include spray drift, runoff, and leaching (e.g., Ganzelmeier et al, 1995;Capri and Trevisan, 1998; Van de Zande et al, 2000). Programmes and studies focusing on the detection of pesticides in an aquatic environment report traces of these toxicants in various bodies of water (Wan, 1989;Thoma and Nicolson, 1989;Frank et al, 1990;Teunissen-Ordelman and Schrap, 1996;Lahr and Banister, 1997;Liess and Schulz, 1999;Leonard et al, 2000). Hence, it is demonstrated that nontarget species living in water catchments of agricultural areas are potentially at risk when they have similar toxicant receptors as the target organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threshold Levels for Effects of Insecticides in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Review

2005

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Abstract. A literature review of freshwater (model) ecosystem studies with neurotoxic insecticides was performed to assess ecological threshold levels, to compare these levels with the first tier approach within European Union (EU) administration procedures, and to evaluate the ecological consequences of exceeding these thresholds. Studies published between 1980 and 2001 were reviewed. Most studies covered organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids in lentic waters. The most sensitive taxa were representatives of crustaceans, insects and fish. Based on toxic units, threshold values were equivalent for compounds with a similar mode of action. This also accounted for the nature and magnitude of direct effects at higher concentrations. Although laboratory single species toxicity tests may not allow predictions on precise ecological effects, some generalisations on effects and recovery can be made with respect to acute standard laboratory EC 50 data. The NOEC ecosystem usually is a factor of 10 or more higher than first tier acceptable concentrations, particularly in the case of single applications and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Acceptable concentrations, as set by the EU first tier approach, appear to be protective. Recovery of sensitive endpoints usually occurs within 2 months of the (last) application when peak concentrations remain lower than (0.1-1) · EC 50 of the most sensitive standard test species. The consistency of response patterns found in model ecosystem studies can be useful when estimating the ecological risks of pesticides. The use of an effect classification system was also helpful in evaluating effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threshold Levels for Effects of Insecticides in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Review

2005

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“…Penggunaan insektisida sintetik terus menerus telah menyebabkan populasi hama ulat bawang S. exigua menjadi resisten (Brewer & Tabashnik et al 2003), residu pestisida, resurgensi, pencemaran lingkungan, dan membunuh serangga berguna seperti musuh alami dan serangga penyerbuk (Frank et al 1990). …”

Section: Luluk Sutji Marhaen Et Al: Potensi Campuran Spodoptera Exigunclassified

Potensi Campuran Spodoptera exigua Nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) dengan Insektisida Botani untuk Meningkatkan Mortalitas Ulat Bawang Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) di Laboratorium

Marhaen¹,

Aprianto²,

Hasyim³

et al. 2016

J.Hort

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ABSTRAK. Hama Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) merupakan hama penting pada tanaman bawang di Indonesia. Pengendalian hama ini dengan insektisida kimia sintetik tidak memuaskan, bahkan telah menyebabkan hama menjadi resisten. SeNPV bila diaplikasikan secara tunggal untuk pengendalian hama S. exigua hasilnya masih kurang memuaskan. Namun, diharapkan SeNPV bila dicampurkan dengan insektisida botani dapat memberikan hasil yang lebih baik untuk mengendalikan hama S. exigua. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui potensi campuran SeNPV dengan insektisida botani terhadap mortalitas larva S. exigua instar 3 di laboratorium. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Entomologi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang ( ± 1.250 m dpl.), mulai bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2014. Larva S. exigua dikumpulkan dari pertanaman petani bawang merah di daerah Cirebon, Jawa Barat dan diperbanyak di Rumah Kasa Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap kegiatan, yaitu (1) uji pendahuluan dosis SeNPV dan empat jenis ekstrak tumbuhan, yaitu legundi (Vitex trifolia Linn.), serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus), daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix DC), ubi gadung (Dioscorea hispida) dan (2) uji campuran beberapa dosis SeNPV dengan dosis sublethal dari ekstrak daun legundi (Vitex trifolia Linn.). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas enam perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Mortalitas larva S. exigua diamati mulai 24 jam sampai dengan 168 jam setelah perlakuan. Data mortalitas larva diolah menggunakan analisis probit untuk menetapkan nilai LC50. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai LC50 SeNPV sebesar 424,67 ppm dan dari empat ekstrak insektisida botani yang terendah diperoleh dari insektisida daun legundi, yaitu 2.199, 277 ppm. Berdasarkan nilai LC50 campuran SeNPV dengan insektisida botani daun legundi menunjukkan efektivitas sinergistik dan meningkatkan efikasi 12,24 kali lipat jika dibandingkan dengan SeNPV secara tunggal. Kombinasi SeNPV dengan ekstrak daun legundi konsentrasi sublethal dapat meningkatkan efikasi virus SeNPV dalam mengendalikan S. exigua.Kata kunci: Spodoptera exigua; SeNPV; Vitex trifolia; Sinergisme; Mortalitas larva ABSTRACT. The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest of shallot in Indonesia. Chemical methods have failed to control this pest as this has developed resistance to almost all synthetic insecticides available. SeNPV effectiveness when applied singly for S. exigua result is still unsatisfactory, but it is expected when SeNPV mixed with botanical insecticides give satisfactory result to control S. exigua. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of SeNPV with botanical insecticides to control third instars of S. exigua larvae under laboratory condition. This study has been conducted at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute Lembang (±1,250 m asl), from July to October 2014. Sample of S. exigua larvae were collected from farmers' field in Cirebon, West Java and mass production done in a scre...

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“…After administration, some chemicals persist as both parent compounds and their metabolites. Stream water near agricultural areas is often contaminated as a result of surface runoff following storm events, airborne spray drift, or direct accidental spills (Frank et al, 1990). More than 60% of rural ponds investigated in Ontario, Canada were contaminated with pesticides (Frank et al, 1990).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stream water near agricultural areas is often contaminated as a result of surface runoff following storm events, airborne spray drift, or direct accidental spills (Frank et al, 1990). More than 60% of rural ponds investigated in Ontario, Canada were contaminated with pesticides (Frank et al, 1990). In southern Sweden, Kreuger (1998) detected 38 different pesticides in stream water within an agricultural catchment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%