Contamination of groundwater by triazines, metolachlor and alachlor

Ritter, William F.; Scarborough, R. W.; Chirnside, Anastasia E. M.

doi:10.1016/0169-7722(94)90011-6

Cited by 50 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For example, if these chemicals move through the soil with applied water (irrigation or rainfall), ultimately they may reach groundwaters. Atrazine has probably been detected more widely in groundwater than any other herbicide (Ritter et al 1994), perhaps due to its heavy use and to its moderate persistence and mobility. Reports on groundwater contamination of pesticides (e.g., Close 1996) have increased public awareness, due to its potential adverse effects on human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of atrazine and phosphate as affected by soil depth in allophanic and non‐allophanic soils

Magesan

Bolan

Lee

2003

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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Quantification of soil processes, such as adsorption, is needed for predicting the fate of agricultural chemicals in soils. Adsorption is affected by soil properties, which vary with depth. We conducted a laboratory study to determine the influence of soil depth on the adsorption of an organic solute (atrazine) in both allophanic and non-allophanic soils, and an inorganic solute (phosphate) in two non-allophanic soils. Adsorption isotherms of atrazine and phosphate were determined using 14 C-labelled atrazine and KH 2 PO 4 , respectively, in batch equilibrium. The adsorption isotherms for atrazine were almost linear, and adequately described by the Freundlich equation. For phosphate the adsorption isotherms exhibited substantially more curvature and were best described by the Langmuir equation for one of the soils. Generally, adsorption of both solutes decreased with depth. While atrazine adsorption appeared related to such factors as percentage clay content, total C, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and surface area, no similar relationships appeared apparent for phosphate adsorption.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of atrazine and phosphate as affected by soil depth in allophanic and non‐allophanic soils

Magesan

Bolan

Lee

2003

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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“…The widespread presence of atrazine deposits onto agricultural soil, due to its unlimited use in the past, has led to groundwater contamination by either atrazine or its metabolites in the case of poorly adsorptive soils (Wauchope, 1978;Dörfler et al, 1997;Binstein and Devillers, 1996;Ritter et al, 1994;Solomon et al, 1996;Mirgain et al, 1993). The testing experiments described here, on the basis of both OECD TG 106 and the EUROSOILS, which represent more than 36 per cent of the total soil-covered surface of the European Union, showed that the degradation products of atrazine tend to be less immobilized than the parent compound and that especially in areas covered by soil similar to ES 2, 3, and 4 atrazine or the less adsorptive metabolites may endanger the groundwater quality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before it was banned or restricted in use, this pesticide, during years of unlimited use in agricultural pest control, accumulated in topsoils throughout the European Union (Wauchope, 1978;Binstein & Devillers, 1996). In recent times, there has been a growing concern about the threat to ground and surface waters as well as to drinking water quality caused by these accumulated atrazine residues (Ritter et al, 1994;Solomon et al, 1996;Dörfler et al, 1997;Mirgain et al, 1993). Large scale control and cleaning of agricultural run-off, rinsates and vertically percolating water for atrazine and other outdated chemicals is therefore mandatory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil adsorption behaviour and photomineralization by photocatalytic membranes immobilizing titanium dioxide of atrazine and intermediates

2013

Global NEST Journal

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The soil adsorption behaviour of atrazine and its photodegradation intermediate 4,6-diamino-2-chloro-1,3,5-s-triazine (I), was evaluated by measuring partition coefficients on five representative European topsoils using classical batch experiments. From this study, (I) appears to be less immobilised than atrazine itself, especially for typical agricultural soils. Consequently, (I) has a higher tendency to reach the saturated zones, and hence, the groundwater. In order to remove atrazine and its degradation products from groundwater prior to making it drinkable, photocatalytic degradation onto membranes immobilizing 30±3 wt.% TiO 2 has been investigated as a possible technology to mineralize these waters satisfactorily. For this purpose, experiments have been carried out using a pilot-plant facility, with 0.02 -0.10 mmol L -1 solutions of atrazine, as well as of compound (I) and of 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-s-triazine (II). When employing an excess of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent, the monitoring of chemical oxygen demand (COD), as well as control by HPLC, showed that (II) was a photostable degradation product, owing to its resistance to attack by hydroxyl radicals. On the other hand, when kinetic runs were carried out onto membranes in the presence of dissolved oxygen only or of sub-stoichiometric quantities of H 2 O 2 , (II) could be quantitatively mineralized. A mechanism has been proposed, based on the possible direct involvement of holes in the irradiated semiconductor surface, together with superoxide anions, these latter being produced by the reaction of conduction band electrons with dissolved oxygen. This mechanism, which is inhibited by an excess of hydrogen peroxide, owing to its reaction yielding hydroxyl radicals by any route, is also substantiated by previous experiments, carried out in the presence of ozone, with and without photocatalytic promoters.

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“…The high mobility of atrazine in soil [15] and its potential contamination of ground waters [16] may represent a serious human health hazard because of the potential carcinogenic effects of striazines [17]. As high as 22 mg l -1 of atrazine residue levels was observed in the well water near the mixing / loading sites [18,19] whereas the permissible limit of atrazine in drinking water is in ppb (parts per billion) level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: an overview

Ghosh¹,

Philip²

2013

Global NEST Journal

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Atrazine, a chlorinated s-triazine group of herbicide is one of the most widely used pesticides in the World. Due to its extensive use, long half-life and various toxic properties, it has very high environmental significance. Up to 22 mg l -1 of atrazine was found in ground water whereas permissible limit of atrazine is in ppb level in drinking water. As per Indian standard there should not be any pesticide present in drinking water. Among many other treatment processes available, Incineration, adsorption, chemical treatment, phytoremediation and biodegradation are the most commonly used ones. Biological degradation of atrazine depends upon various factors like the operating environment, external carbon and nitrogen sources, carbon/ nitrogen ratio (C/N), water content and the bacterial strain. Although, general atrazine degradation pathways are available, the specific pathways in specific conditions are not yet clearly defined.In this paper extensive review has been made on the occurrence of atrazine in surface and ground water bodies, probable sources and causes of its occurrence in water environment, the toxicity of atrazine on various living organisms and its removal by biological processes.

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Contamination of groundwater by triazines, metolachlor and alachlor

Cited by 50 publications

References 7 publications

Adsorption of atrazine and phosphate as affected by soil depth in allophanic and non‐allophanic soils

Adsorption of atrazine and phosphate as affected by soil depth in allophanic and non‐allophanic soils

Soil adsorption behaviour and photomineralization by photocatalytic membranes immobilizing titanium dioxide of atrazine and intermediates

Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: an overview

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