Contamination of Australian newborn calf carcasses at slaughter with Clostridium difficile

Knight, Daniel R.; Putsathit, Papanin; Elliott, Briony; Riley, Thomas V.

doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.017

Cited by 34 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In observations from the USA and Canada, RT078 was also reported from calf samples [7,31]. In addition, 4 RTs (127, 288, 033, and 126) with binary toxin-positive accounts for 70.3% (71/101) of isolates from a calf farm in Australia [32]. In this study, three STs (ST11, 3, and 468) and 6 RTs (RT126, ICDC050, ICDC052, ICDC094, RT078, and RT220) were identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2020

BMC Microbiol

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Background: It has been performed worldwidely to explore the potential of animals that might be a reservoir for community associated human infections of Clostridioides difficile. Several genetically undistinguished PCR ribotypes of C. difficile from animals and human have been reported, illustrating potential transmission of C. difficile between them. Pig and calf were considered as the main origins of C. difficile with predominant RT078 and RT033, respectively. As more investigations involved, great diversity of molecular types from pig and calf were reported in Europe, North American and Australia. However, there were quite limited research on C. difficile isolates from meat animals in China, leading to non-comprehensive understanding of molecular epidemiology of C. difficile in China. Results: A total of 55 C. difficile were isolated from 953 animal stool samples, within which 51 strains were from newborn dairy calf less than 7 days in Shandong Province. These isolates were divided into 3 STs and 6 RTs, of which ST11/RT126 was predominant type, and responsible for majority antibiotic resistance isolates. All the isolates were resistant to at least one tested antibiotics, however, only two multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were identified. Furthermore, erythromycin (ERY) and clindamycin (CLI) were the two main resistant antibiotics. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin (VAN), metronidazole (MTZ), tetracycline (TET), and rifampin (RIF). Conclusions: In this study, we analyzed the prevalence, molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile from calf, sheep, chicken, and pig in China. Some unique features were found here: first, RT126 not RT078 were the dominant type from baby calf, and none isolates were got from pig; second, on the whole, isolates from animals display relative lower resistant rate to these 11 tested antibiotics, compared with isolates from human in China in our previous report. Our study helps to deep understanding the situation of C. difficile from economic animals in China, and to further study the potential transmission of C. difficile between meat animals and human.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2020

BMC Microbiol

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“…However, unlike the Australian dairy industry where there remains a consumer demand for neonatal veal products (Knight et al, 2013, 2016), suckling age piglets are not slaughtered for meat on a large scale and are unlikely to contribute to a persistent or substantial community reservoir.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C. difficile is particularly prevalent in production animals such as piglets and calves both in Australia (Knight et al, 2014, 2016) and other countries (Hensgens et al, 2012; Rodriguez et al, 2016). Furthermore, genetically similar strains of C. difficile (characterized by RT, MLST, MLVA, and WGS), particularly toxinotype V (RT078), have been recovered from humans, production animals and retail meat, fuelling speculation that CDI may have a foodborne or zoonotic etiology (Rupnik and Songer, 2010; Knetsch et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission

et al. 2017

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Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype (RT) 014 is well-established in both human and porcine populations in Australia, raising the possibility that C. difficile infection (CDI) may have a zoonotic or foodborne etiology. Here, whole genome sequencing and high-resolution core genome phylogenetics were performed on a contemporaneous collection of 40 Australian RT014 isolates of human and porcine origin. Phylogenies based on MLST (7 loci, STs 2, 13, and 49) and core orthologous genes (1260 loci) showed clustering of human and porcine strains indicative of very recent shared ancestry. Core genome single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis found 42% of human strains showed a clonal relationship (separated by ≤2 SNVs in their core genome) with one or more porcine strains, consistent with recent inter-host transmission. Clones were spread over a vast geographic area with 50% of the human cases occurring without recent healthcare exposure. These findings suggest a persistent community reservoir with long-range dissemination, potentially due to agricultural recycling of piggery effluent. We also provide the first pan-genome analysis for this lineage, characterizing its resistome, prophage content, and in silico virulence potential. The RT014 is defined by a large “open” pan-genome (7587 genes) comprising a core genome of 2296 genes (30.3% of the total gene repertoire) and an accessory genome of 5291 genes. Antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes varied across host populations and ST lineages and were characterized by resistance to tetracycline [tetM, tetA(P), tetB(P) and tetW], clindamycin/erythromycin (ermB), and aminoglycosides (aph3-III-Sat4A-ant6-Ia). Resistance was mediated by clinically important mobile genetic elements, most notably Tn6194 (harboring ermB) and a novel variant of Tn5397 (harboring tetM). Numerous clinically important prophages (Siphoviridae and Myoviridae) were identified as well as an uncommon accessory gene regulator locus (agr3). Conservation in the pathogenicity locus and S-layer correlated with ST affiliation, further extending the concept of clonal C. difficile lineages. This study provides novel insights on the genetic variability and strain relatedness of C. difficile RT014, a lineage of emerging One Health importance. Ongoing molecular and genomic surveillance of strains in humans, animals, food, and the environment is imperative to identify opportunities to reduce the overall CDI burden.

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“…More recently, C. difficile was not detected in any of the 20 feline raw foods purchased in France (Bouttier et al, 2010). The isolation of C. difficile from raw meat for human consumption has been well documented (Bouttier et al, 2010;De Boer et al, 2011;Jöbstl et al, 2010), and recent studies showed that the contamination of carcass and offal surfaces can already occur during from the slaughter of livestock and poultry (Bakri, 2018;Guran & Ilhak, 2015;Knight, Putsathit, Elliott, & Riley, 2016). Therefore, the consumption by pets of raw meat, raw offal and other animal by-products may be a possible source of C. difficile intestinal colonization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of microbial contamination and effects of storage in raw meat‐based dog foods purchased online

Morelli

Catellani

Scapin

et al. 2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Feeding raw‐meat‐based diets to companion animals has become a widespread practice, and many owners are now accustomed to buying frozen ingredients online. The goals of this study were to assess the microbiological quality of raw‐meat dog foods obtained from specialized websites and to evaluate the effects of storage at different temperatures for a few days. Twenty‐nine raw dog food products were processed for quantitative bacteriology (i.e. total viable count, TVC; Escherichia coli; faecal coliforms, FC) and sulphite‐reducing clostridia, and analysed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and Clostridium difficile. Every sample was examined right after the delivery (T0), after 24 to 48 hr and after 72 hr, both at 2°C and 7°C. At T0, the mean score for the TVC was 5.9 × 106 cfu/g (SD = 4.8 × 107 cfu/g), while those for E. coli and FC were 1.1 × 104 cfu/g (SD = 2.5 × 105 cfu/g) and 3.3 × 103 cfu/g (SD = 6.5 × 104 cfu/g) respectively. The samples stored at 2°C had a significant increase of all parameters (TVC: p < .01; E. coli: p = .03; FC: p = .04) through time. Noteworthy differences between the analyses performed at 2°C and 7°C were found for TVC (p < .01), being the samples considerably more contaminated at higher temperatures. No sample tested positive for Salmonella spp., while L. monocytogenes was isolated from 19 products, Y. enterocolitica from three products and Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile from four and six products respectively. The microbiological quality of raw‐meat dog foods sold online appears to be poor, carrying considerable amounts of potentially zoonotic bacteria and reaching greater levels of bacterial contaminations if not kept at proper refrigeration temperatures and fed soon after defrosting.

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Contamination of Australian newborn calf carcasses at slaughter with Clostridium difficile

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China

The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China

Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission

Evaluation of microbial contamination and effects of storage in raw meat‐based dog foods purchased online

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