Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda

Mbina, Solomon Adomi; Wilson, Galimaka; Eze, Ejike Daniel; Pius, Theophilus; Ssebuufu, Robinson; Afodun, Adam Moyosore; Ezekiel, Iliya

doi:10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…The most common risk for springs was the absence of adequate fencing protection upstream (100%), followed by the absence of a stormwater diversion ditch above the spring (97.8%), and visible pollution within 10 m of the spring (91.1%) ( Table 2) (see examples in Figure 2). Similarly, a previous SI study in the same area found that almost all inspected springs lacked the protection of a perimeter fence or wall [25]. The median total risk score based on the revised SI form for piped distribution systems was 53% (Table 3).…”

Section: Sanitary Inspectionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The share of samples with detectable E. coli was significantly greater than those reported in a previous study in the same location [24], which found the presence of E. coli in only 6.3% of samples. We may reason that the time of collection explains this difference, as Mbina et al [25] collected their samples in the dry season (June-July 2019) and we conducted the present study in the rainy season (September 2019-February 2020). We therefore recommend that local authorities should build community awareness about the seasonal nature of microbial risks and the need to ensure effective and consistent treatment of drinking water prior to consumption.…”

Section: Water Quality Testingmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Combining Sanitary Inspection and Water Quality Data in Western Uganda: Lessons Learned from a Field Trial of Original and Revised Sanitary Inspection Forms

et al. 2020

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Risk assessment for drinking water systems combines sanitary inspections (SI) and water quality testing and is critical for effectively managing the safety of these systems. SI forms consist of question sets relating to the presence of potential sources and pathways of contamination specific to different types of water points, piped distribution systems, and household collection and storage practices. As part of the revision to the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ), the World Health Organization (WHO) is updating the suite of SI forms to reflect and include the most recent technical and scientific information available. This paper reports the results from a field pilot of a selection of published and revised SI forms and water quality testing in the municipality of Bushenyi-Ishaka, Uganda. We collected data from 45 springs, 61 taps from piped distribution systems, and 129 household storage containers filled with water from those springs and taps. The median total risk scores, according to the revised forms, for spring, tap, and household practices were 36, 53, and 33%, respectively, with higher percentages indicating greater risk. The median Escherichia coli concentrations of spring, tap, and household storage systems were 17, <1, and 7 CFU/100 mL, respectively. We found that increased questioning in the revised SI forms do not necessarily translate to a higher total risk. There is potential for misinterpretation of terminology in the revised SI forms and occasional redundancy of concepts. For the revised SI form for springs, we suggest specific text changes to reduce potential bias. We recommend that users of SI forms receive training in their use and be familiar with their locale. Furthermore, the revised SI forms may need to be adapted in accordance with the local context.

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Section: Sanitary Inspectionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Water Quality Testingmentioning

confidence: 88%

Combining Sanitary Inspection and Water Quality Data in Western Uganda: Lessons Learned from a Field Trial of Original and Revised Sanitary Inspection Forms

et al. 2020

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“…Glucose and lactose both are fermented and indicate lactose‐fermenting coliforms, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. (Adomi Mbina et al., 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidential role of municipal solid waste and liquid effluent on environment and public health

Ali,

Mahmud,

Islam

et al. 2023

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Cities in Bangladesh produce large amounts of solid waste (SW) through various human activities which severely pollutes our native environment. As a result, SW pollutes the three basic environmental elements (air, water, and soil) by increasing pathogenic microbial load, which might be hazardous to public health directly or indirectly. In this study, we conducted 30 samples (i.e., soil, water, and air) collected from areas where municipal solid wastes are dumped (Tangail Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh). All the samples were analyzed to assess bacteriological quality for presumptive viable and coliform count using different agar media. We performed serial dilution 10−3–10−10 times for soil and water samples, and the diluted samples were spread on Mac‐Conkey agar and nutrient agar plates. For the air sample, the sterile media containing petri‐dish was placed adjacent to the dumpsite of the municipal waste and kept for an hour. Then all the samples were incubated at 37°C overnight for total viable count (TVC) and total coliform count (TCC). Biochemical tests and PCR were performed for the identification of these microorganisms. The antibiogram study was performed to reveal their (identified bacteria) susceptibility against clinically used antibiotics according to the standard disk diffusion technique. The highest bacterial loads were found in the air: TVC 3.273 × 103 and TCC 1.059 × 103 CFU/plate; tube‐well water: TVC 8.609 × 103, and TCC 8.317 × 103 CFU/mL; in surface water: TVC 6.24 × 1013 CFU/mL and TCC 2.2 × 1012 CFU/mL; in soil: TVC 2.88 × 1011 and TCC 1.02 × 1011 CFU/g, respectively. Microbes from SW can be transmitted through air, dust particles, or flies, and here we found an average of 1120 microbes spread over 63.61 cm2 area per hour. Eight bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Proteus spp., V. cholera, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio spp.) were identified by the biochemical test. Among them, E. coli and Shigella spp. were further ensured by PCR targeting bfpA and ipaH genes. Antibiotic susceptibility test results showed that E. coli isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (80%); Shigella spp. were resistant to nalidixic acid (90%), whereas Salmonella spp. was found resistant to kanamycin (90%). Vibrio spp. were also resistant to azithromycin (80%) and erythromycin (80%), which should be a great concern for us. A semi‐structured survey revealed that 63% of respondents suffered from different clinical conditions (intestinal diseases) due to SW pollution. So, steps should be taken to improve the proper management and disposal of solid waste and liquid effluent to save our environment and public health.

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Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

Combining Sanitary Inspection and Water Quality Data in Western Uganda: Lessons Learned from a Field Trial of Original and Revised Sanitary Inspection Forms

Combining Sanitary Inspection and Water Quality Data in Western Uganda: Lessons Learned from a Field Trial of Original and Revised Sanitary Inspection Forms

Evidential role of municipal solid waste and liquid effluent on environment and public health

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