Contaminants in organically and conventionally produced winter wheat (<b><i>Triticum aestivum</i></b>) in Belgium

Harcz, P.; Temmerman, Ludwig De; Voghel, S. De; Waegeneers, Nadia; Wilmart, Olivier; Vromman, V.; Schmit, Jean-François; Moons, E.; Peteghem, Carlos Van; Saeger, Sarah De; Schneider, Yves‐Jacques; Larondelle, Yvan; Pussemier, Luc

doi:10.1080/02652030601185071

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In accordance with this notion, there is some evidence that the reduced use of fungicides and pesticides may lead to a greater contamination by toxins in organic than in conventional food (Malmauret, Parent-Massin, Hardy, & Venger, 2002). By contrast, other studies have found a higher extent of contamination in conventionally grown rather than in organic food (Cirillo, Ritieni, Visone, & Cocchieri, 2003;Harcz et al, 2007;Schollenberger, Suchy, Jara, Drochner, & Müller, 1999;Vanova et al, 2008). Moulds within the genus Fusarium infest and infect cereals in the field worldwide, and are probably the most important source of mycotoxin contamination in small grains in northern temperate regions (Miller, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Occurrence of five 8-ketotrichothecene mycotoxins in organically and conventionally produced cereals collected in Korea

Ok¹,

Choi²,

Chang³

et al. 2011

Food Control

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Occurrence of five 8-ketotrichothecene mycotoxins in organically and conventionally produced cereals collected in Korea

Ok¹,

Choi²,

Chang³

et al. 2011

Food Control

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“…Studies on Fusarium mycotoxins in organically and conventionally produced small grains and cereal products have reported different results. Significantly lower trichothecene levels in organic compared to conventional samples have been presented for DON in wheat (Birzele et al 2002;Rossi et al 2006;Harcz et al 2007;Vanova et al 2008), in wheat and rye (Do¨ll et al 2002), in wheat-based foodstuff (Cirillo et al 2003), in wheat flour (Schollenberger et al 2002), in cereal food products (Schollenberger et al 1999), in bread (Schollenberger et al 2005), and for HT-2 þ T-2 in oats and oat products (Gottschalk et al 2007;Edwards 2009a) and in wheat (Edwards 2009b). On the other hand, no significant differences in trichothecenes in organic and conventional production have also been reported for DON in wheat (Champeil et al 2004;Hoogenboom et al 2008;Edwards 2009b), in wheat and rye (Olsen and Mo¨ller 1995;Berleth et al 1998), for DON and nivalenol in wheat (Ma¨der et al 2007), for DON in oats (Hietaniemi et al 2004) and for DON as well as HT-2/T-2 in barley (Edwards 2009c).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

LessFusariuminfestation and mycotoxin contamination in organic than in conventional cereals

Bernhoft

Clasen

Kristoffersen

et al. 2010

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

100

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A total of 602 samples of cereals, consisting of organically and conventionally produced barley, oats and wheat, were collected at harvest during 2002-2004 in Norway. Organic and conventional cereals were sampled in comparable numbers regarding cereal species, localisation and harvest time, and analysed for Fusarium mould and mycotoxins. Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin content were dependent on cereal species and varied year-by-year. However, in all cereal species, Fusarium infestation and levels of important mycotoxins were significantly lower when grown organically than conventionally. Concerning the most toxic trichothecenes, HT-2 and T-2 toxin, lower concentrations were found in organic oats and barley. Wheat was not contaminated by HT-2 and T-2, but lower concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and moniliformin (MON) were found when organically produced. For mycotoxins considered to constitute the main risk to humans and animals in Norwegian cereals, i.e. HT-2 in oats and DON in oats and wheat, the median figures (mean levels in brackets) were as follows: HT-2 in organic and conventional oats were <20 (80) and 62 (117) microg/kg, DON in organic and conventional oats were 24 (114) and 36 (426) microg/kg, and DON in organic and conventional wheat were 29 (86) and 51 (170) microg/kg, respectively. Concentrations of HT-2 and T-2 in the samples were strongly correlated (r = 0.94). Other mycotoxins did not show a significant correlation to each other. Both HT-2 and T-2 concentrations were significantly correlated with infestation of F. langsethiae (r = 0.65 and r = 0.60, respectively). Concentrations of DON were significantly correlated with F. graminearum infestation (r = 0.61). Furthermore, nivalenol (NIV) was significantly correlated with infestation of F. poae (r = 0.55) and MON with F. avenaceum (r = 0.37). As lower Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin levels were found in organic cereals, factors related to agricultural practice may reduce the risk of contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins. Studies of these issues will be presented separately.

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“…For example, the mean cadmium content in organic cereals was 21.7 µg Kg -1 versus 16.3 µg Kg -1 found in cereal produced by the conventional method (Karavoltsos, Sakellari, Dassenakis, & Scoullos, 2008;Karavoltsos, Sakellari, Dimopoulos, Dasenakis, & Scoullos, 2002). Similarly, the average lead level in winter wheat at -100 µg Kg -1 for organic farming versus 42.1 µg Kg -1 for conventional cereal (Harcz et al, 2007) and semolina samples -94 vs. 82 µg Kg -1 (Zaccone, Di Caterina, Rotunno, & Quinto, 2010) show that lead levels were significantly higher in organically produced cereals.…”

Section: Influence Of Cereal Production Methods On Lead and Cadmium Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of dietary intake and content of lead and cadmium in infant cereals marketed in Spain

Hernández-Martínez

Navarro-Blasco

2012

Food Control

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Abstract:Lead and cadmium have become highly toxic metallic elements. There is an obvious toxicological impact of these elements on infants since their intestinal absorption is significantly higher than in adults, thus it is desirable to quantify lead and cadmium levels in commonly consumed infant foods. Zeeman background correction, transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, was used to determine both the lead and cadmium content of 91 Spanish infant cereals. Cereals were assessed in terms of different types, cereal predominant in formulation and whether it was obtained organically or conventionally. Preliminary analysis revealed a noticeably higher content of lead and cadmium (median, Q1-Q3) in organic cereals (n = 17, Pb: 26.07; Cd: 18.52;.50 µg kg -1 ) in relation to conventional ones (n =74, Pb: 10.78; Cd: 7.12;.77 µg kg -1 ). Three formulations exceeded European lead maximum levels. Added ingredients (milk, cocoa, fruit and honey) to the cereal base provide lead enrichment. For cadmium, this pattern was observed by cereal based on cocoa, but also the raw materials contributed with a dilution phenomenon, decreasing the final cadmium concentration in infant cereal. Apart from several organically produced cereals, lead content showed a narrow variation, where gluten-free cereals provide lower cadmium content than formulations containing gluten. Dietary intakes of both elements were assessed in comparison with the reference intake values proposed by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Organic infant cereals based on honey and cocoa supplied the highest risk intakes of lead and cadmium, respectively. In accordance with the actual state of knowledge on lead and cadmium toxicity and attending to the upper limits calculated from risk intake values set by EFSA, it seems prudent to call for a revision of both heavy metals content regulated by EC to set a maximum guideline values for infant cereal at 55 and 45 µg kg -1 , respectively.

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Contaminants in organically and conventionally produced winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Belgium

Cited by 32 publications

References 8 publications

Occurrence of five 8-ketotrichothecene mycotoxins in organically and conventionally produced cereals collected in Korea

Occurrence of five 8-ketotrichothecene mycotoxins in organically and conventionally produced cereals collected in Korea

LessFusariuminfestation and mycotoxin contamination in organic than in conventional cereals

Estimation of dietary intake and content of lead and cadmium in infant cereals marketed in Spain

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