Consumption of Oxidized Soybean Oil Increased Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Affected Intestinal Immune Variables in Yellow-feathered Broilers

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of oxidized soybean oil in the diet of young chickens on growth performance and intestinal oxidative stress, and indices of intestinal immune function. Corn-soybean-based diets containing 2% mixtures of fresh and oxidized soybean oil provided 6 levels (0.15, 1.01, 3.14, 4.95, 7.05, and 8.97 meqO2/kg) of peroxide value (POV) in the diets. Each dietary treatment, fed for 22 d, had 6 replicates, each containing 30 birds (n = 1,080). Increasing POV levels reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the broilers during d 1 to 10, body weight and average daily gain at d 22 but did not affect overall ADFI. Concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in plasma and jejunum as POV increased but total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) declined in plasma and jejunum. Catalase (CAT) activity declined in plasma and jejunum as did plasma glutathione S-transferase (GST). Effects were apparent at POV exceeding 3.14 meqO2/kg for early ADFI and MDA in jejunum, and POV exceeding 1.01 meqO2/kg for CAT in plasma and jejunum, GST in plasma and T-AOC in jejunum. Relative jejunal abundance of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) P50 and NF-κB P65 increased as dietary POV increased. Increasing POV levels reduced the jejunal concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 and CD8 molecules with differences from controls apparent at dietary POV of 3.14 to 4.95 meqO2/kg. These findings indicated that growth performance, feed intake, and the local immune system of the small intestine were compromised by oxidative stress when young broilers were fed moderately oxidized soybean oil.

Effect of Oxidized Soybean Oils on Oxidative Status and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens

“…In the present study, T-SOD levels both inileum (d 14 and 21) and liver (d 21) and the expression of CAT gene in ileum significantly decreased when oxidized oils were fed. These results were consistent with those reported in another oxidative stress study (Liang et al, 2015). The present study demonstrated that feeding oxidized oil decreased the activity of antioxidation enzymes (T-SOD), indicating the lower capacity of scavenging free radicals, and suggested that the oxidized oil might cause metabolic oxidative stress in intestine of broiler chickens.…”

“…Our data showed that the dietary inclusion of highlyoxidized soybean oil increased the concentration of MDA in the jejunum and the liver, indicating lipid peroxidation in these tissues. Similar results were obtained in pigs (Ringseis et al, 2007) and broilers (Zhang et al, 2011;Liang et al, 2015). MDA level changes observed in the birds fed oxidized oils maybe triggered by free radicals of lipid peroxidation.…”

Dietary Factors as Triggers of Low-Grade Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Poultry

“…The peroxidation of lipids forms hydroxiperoxyde, an intermediate compound, and aldehydes, ketones, dicarbonyls, furans and hydrocarbons, as secondary products [55]. Toxic effects of the hydroperoxyde and the secondary products have already been known for a long time in the literature [56][57][58][59].…”

“…Dibner and collaborators [56] observed that the inclusion of oxidized poultry fat in broiler feed results in the reduction of body weight, hematocrit, and the enterocyte life span, as well as increases hepatocytes proliferation and reduced the effectiveness of secretory IgA in the intestine. The increased peroxide value (POV) in the diet produced deleterious effects not just on performance but also affected gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) [57,58]. Furthermore, Liang and colleagues observed that the jejunum suffered oxidative stress by the oxidized oil present in the diet, which affected cytokine expression and immune cells in the tissue.…”

“…To date, studies that evaluated the effects of oxidized oil on poultry intestine have found a profuse oxidative stress of the mucosa, a reduction of enterocytes' half-life, impaired immune response, inflammation and the loss of the epithelial barrier. Moreover, oxidized oil had a deleterious impact on the performance of young birds, intestinal immunity and oxidative stress, even with a low oxidation level as 3.14 meqO2/kg dietary POV [58]. Therefore, to expect a bird's high performance and healthy gut, attention should be paid to the quality of the lipid sources and ingredients high in lipid content.…”