Dietary Factors as Triggers of Low-Grade Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Poultry

Abstract

Inflammation is the reaction of the immune system to an injury; it is aimed at the recovery and repair of damaged tissue. The inflammatory response can be beneficial to the animal since it will reestablish tissue homeostasis if well regulated. However, if it is not controlled, inflammation might lead to a chronic response with a subsequent loss of tissue function. The intestine is constantly exposed to a number of environmental triggers that stimulate inflammation and lead to a reduction in performance. The diet and dietary components constitute consistent inflammatory triggers in poultry. Dietary components, such as anti-nutritional compounds, oxidized lipids, mycotoxins, and excess of soluble fiber or protein, are all capable of inducing a low-grade inflammatory response in the intestine of broilers throughout a 5-week grow-out period. We hypothesized that dietary factor-induced chronic intestinal inflammation is a key driver of the lower performance and higher incidence of intestinal problems observed in poultry production. Therefore, this review was aimed at exploring feed-induced chronic inflammation in poultry, the constituents of the diet that might act as inflammatory triggers and the possible effects of chronic intestinal inflammation on the poultry industry.

The effects of L-Arginine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria spp.

“…The diets were based on corn and soybean meal and formulated to meet or exceed the nutritional levels from the starter phase ( Cobb Vantress, 2018b ) for all ingredients, except for Arg ( Table 1 ). It is believed that changes in feed formulation, for example feed ingredients and nutritional levels, could be a source of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract ( Kogut et al., 2018 ; Cardoso Dal Pont et al., 2020 ). To avoid a potential influence of the basal diet on the intestinal health status, the same nutritional level was used from 1 to 26 d. The dietary treatments were determined by formulating an Arg deficient diet, without Arg supplementation (1.04%), and adding Arg as a replacement of the inert component (sand) to reach equidistant calculated levels below and above the Cobb 500 recommendation (1.24%).…”

Redox Homeostasis in Poultry: Regulatory Roles of NF-κB

“…Mycotoxins are considered as major nutritional stress factors in poultry production [ 1 ] imposing oxidative stress, immunosuppression [ 207 ], and low-grade inflammatory response in the chicken intestine [ 44 ] and compromising intestinal barrier functions [ 208 ]. Among feed-contaminating mycotoxins, AFB1 is considered to be the most toxic mycotoxin.…”

“…It was hypothesized that subclinical gut disorders leading to a chronic low-level inflammatory response in the gut associated with oxidative stress and redox disbalance could result in the disruption of digestive function and poor immune competence [ 44 ]. Furthermore, the authors also suggested that chronic intestinal inflammation is responsible for the decreased performance and increased incidence of intestinal problems observed in poultry production.…”

“…[ 39 , 40 , 41 ] and, therefore, understanding the regulatory functions of NF-κB would help to design various approaches for immunomodulation [ 42 ]. Lastly, there are a range of inflammation-associated conditions in poultry (see Section 8 ) where the crucial role of NF-κB is well known [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Comparative Studies of Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities, and Organic Acids Compositions of Postbiotics Produced by Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains Isolated From Malaysian Foods

“…Although inflammation is a fundamental process to fight infection, prolonged and chronic inflammation leads to damaging consequences such as tissue and organ damage, and mortality ( 2 ). In livestock farming, numerous factors induce the occurrence of inflammation, including the intensification of production, poor quality, and contamination in feedstuffs as well as genetic selection ( 7 ). As a result, this will contribute to poor growth performance and production due to low nutrient absorption, loss of appetite, impaired intestinal architecture, and leaky gut ( 4 , 8 ), which lead to a large amount of energy consumption on the immune system instead of growing and production ( 9 ).…”