Consumption of Green Coffee Reduces Blood Pressure and Body Composition by Influencing 11β-HSD1 Enzyme Activity in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Crossover Study Using Green and Black Coffee

Abstract

Dietary polyphenols may have a protective role against the development of CVD. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of green coffee (GC), rich in chlorogenic acid, and black coffee (BC) on cardiovascular markers. A randomised pilot crossover study was performed on healthy subjects who consumed both coffees for 2 weeks. We measured anthropometry, blood pressure, and arterial elasticity after each intervention and collected urine samples to monitor antioxidant capacity. Free cortisol and cortisone levels were obtained from urine and analysed by specific ELISA methods. Systolic blood pressure (P = 0.018) and arterial elasticity (P = 0.001) were significantly reduced after GC. BMI (P = 0.04 for BC; P = 0.01 for GC) and abdominal fat (P = 0.01 for BC; P = 0.009 for GC) were also significantly reduced with no changes in energy intake. Urinary free cortisol was significantly reduced from 125.6 ± 85.9 nmol/day to 76.0 ± 54.9 nmol/day following GC and increased to 132.1 ± 89.1 nmol/day after BC. Urinary free cortisone increased by 18% following BC and 9% following GC (nonsignificant). Cortisol/cortisone ratio (indicating 11β-HSD1 activity) was reduced after GC (from 3.5 ± 1.9 to 1.7 ± 1.04, P = 0.002). This suggests that GC can play a role in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Further research including hypertensive and overweight individuals will now be justified to clarify whether GC could have a therapeutic role in CVD.

The effect of diet components on the level of cortisol

“…In addition, it was noted that included caffeine in coffee inhibits evening decrease in cortisol levels. This effect is more pronounced in younger group (15-40 years) than in older (41-70 years), regardless of gender [73][74][75]. Fig.…”

“…Drinking strong infusions of turquoise oolong tea can result in a significant decrease in cortisol levels [72]. Similar effects have infusions of green coffee [73]. In contrast to the green, black coffee stimulates secretion of hydrocortisone.…”

Green Coffee Bean Extract as a Weight Loss Supplement

“…Several human clinical trials have also conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of commercial GCE at reducing weight and body mass in overweight and obese adults [24][25][26][27][28]. The results from a clinical study performed on 30 overweight people showed consumption of instant coffee enriched with cholorogenic acid for 12-week induced a significant reduction in body mass index and body fat, compared with the control [26].…”

The effect of green coffee extract supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…It has been reported that each 2‐mmHg rise in SBP corresponds to a 7% increased risk of mortality from heart disease, in addition to a 10% increased risk of stroke ("Overview|Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management|Guidance|NICE,", ). Consumption GCBE has been reported to reduce blood pressure and body mass index via its influence on 11β‐HSD1 enzyme activity, through the reduction in the level of the stress hormone cortisol ("Overview|Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management|Guidance|NICE,", ; Revuelta‐Iniesta & Al‐Dujaili, ). Mechanistically, CGAs are involved in the suppression of macrophage infiltration and thus may be involved in blood vessel remodeling (Kanno et al, ).…”