Consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos: efectos a nivel celular y metabólico

Abstract

ResumenAntecedentes: la función principal de los edulcorantes no nutritivos es proveer al consumidor un producto dulce sin la carga calórica del azúcar. El consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos se relaciona con alteraciones en el ADN, con apoptosis y con la síntesis de precursores de cáncer. Además, su consumo también se relaciona recientemente con un incremento de tejido adiposo. Objetivo: analizar el efecto de los edulcorantes no nutritivos a largo plazo, evaluando el riesgo de estos compuestos. Materiales y métodos: búsqueda en bases de datos, PubMed, SciELO y Redalyc, y análisis de bibliografía relacionada con efectos tóxicos y metabólicos del consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos. Resultados: el consumo de estos edulcorantes presentó efectos citotóxicos en diferentes modelos de estudio. Parece existir una relación con el incremento en la síntesis de tejido adiposo, que provoca obesidad y enfermedades derivadas. Los edulcorantes sintéticos fueron los que presentaron más alteraciones citotóxicas, mientras que edulcorantes naturales, a excepción de los esteviósidos, no presentaron efectos adversos. Múltiples investigaciones explican el efecto del consumo de estos edulcorantes en el metabolismo y los efectos citotóxicos. Conclusiones: el tema de edulcorantes es controversial, por ello la información recopilada en esta revisión busca proporcionar un panorama que ayude a comprender la respuesta a nivel celular y metabólico sobre su consumo.Palabras clave: edulcorante no nutritivo, edulcorante, toxicidad, efectos adversos, diabetes mellitus. AbstractBackground: The primary function of non-nutritive sweeteners is to provide the consumer with a sweet product without the caloric load of sugar. The consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners is related to alterations in DNA, apoptosis, and the synthesis of cancer precursors. Recently, its consumption has been related to an increase in adipose tissue. Objective: To analyze the effect of long-term consumption of these sweeteners and evaluate the risk of these related factors. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Scielo and Redalyc database search and analysis of references related to toxic and metabolic effects of consumption of non-nutritrive sweeteners. Results: The consumption presents cytotoxic effects in different study models. There appears to be a relationship with an increase in synthesis of adipose tissue, which causes obesity and derived diseases. Synthetic sweeteners have the most cytotoxic alterations, whereas natural sweeteners, except steviosides, do not present adverse effects. Multiple investigations explain the impact of nonnutritive sweetener consumption on metabolism and related cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: The issue of sweeteners is controversial; therefore the information compiled in this review seeks to provide a panorama that helps understand the cellular and metabolic level responses of their consumption.

Effect of the consumption of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as a natural and artificial sweetener on fatigue and oxidative stress of skeletal muscle

“…As previous studies have shown, the present study showed that the intake of Stevia sp. (SRN) at a dose of 4.4 g / L does not cause alterations in body weight and can be a compromising alternative to cane sugar or sucrose, however, steviol glycosides in combination with high intensity artificial sweeteners such as sucralose and Isomaltose (SRA) at a dose of 6 g / L, seems not to have the same effects on body weight, showing a trend of increase in body weight more significant than groups C and S, this may be due to the synergy not positive that steviol glycosides could be made in combination with the two artificial sweeteners, in addition, this is consistent with some antecedents that have reported that the intake of non-caloric sweeteners causes a positive body weight compensation due to physiological effects other than those produced due to the caloric consequences, a higher consumption of food after its ingestion, metabolic disorders and the stimulation of taste due to greater consumption of products sweets (Stephens-Camacho et al 2018).…”

“…However, when Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is sold as a sugar substitute, many commercial brands include its steviosides in their formula and combine it with other artificial high-intensity sweeteners (EAI). Although the use of these sweeteners is widespread, their safety as food additives remains controversial, cytotoxic effects and metabolic effects have been reported, casting doubt on whether the consumption of these additives is the most appropriate tool for the control of metabolic diseases (Stephens -Camacho et al 2018). The current results on the use of antioxidants to delay muscle fatigue in humans are contradictory and constitute the main focus of discussion about the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in muscle fatigue.…”

Analysis of Caloric and Noncaloric Sweeteners Present in Dairy Products Aimed at the School Market and Their Possible Effects on Health

“…Regarding caloric sweeteners, many scientific studies relate the high intake of fructose, glucose, sucrose, honey, and HFCS with diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver, cardiovascular diseases, dental caries, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota [13][14][15][16]. On the other side, regarding noncaloric sweeteners, it has been found that sucralose is related to migraines and insensitivity to insulin, while aspartame is associated with prostate and breast cancer [17,18]. Nevertheless, it is necessary to highlight that research in children on short-and long-term effects has yielded contradictory results [10,15,19].…”

Evaluation of the Accurateness of the Nutritional Labels of Processed and Ultra-Processed Products Available in Supermarkets of Ecuador

“…In two reviews about the use of sweeteners, the results are controversial since some studies have found cytotoxic and metabolic effects, while others have not. Although recognizing that one benefit of sweeteners might be weight loss, the reviews' authors still emphasize the need for longitudinal studies over adequate amounts of time to determine the effects of sweeteners on human health [34,35]. The consumption of sweeteners, commonly found in UPPs, promotes habituation to the sweet taste and this is associated with a higher intake of products with excessive amounts of sugar and, for this reason, they are not recommended for children because of the eating habits that are acquired at an early age [22].…”