“…On the other hand, several quasi-experimental designs and our controlled analyses (using propensity scores and instrumental variable analysis) indicate an effect for at least some programs Jones, D'Agostino, Gondolf, & Heckert, in press). The moderate program effect, moreover, is confirmed by circumstantial evidence from a deterrence analysis showing little impact of perceived sanctions (Heckert & Gondolf, 2000), the women's attribution of change to the programs, men's use of avoidance techniques from the programs (Gondolf, 2000a), and program recommendations from men and women (Gondolf & White, 2000).…”