Consultation in the planning and expansion of clinics.

Woodward, Luther E.; Arrington, Winifred W.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1954.tb02004.x

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

1954

DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1954.tb02004.x

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Consultation in the planning and expansion of clinics.

Luther E. Woodward¹,

Winifred W. Arrington²

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1955

1957

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Cited by 2 publications

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“…All too commonly service agency board members close their eyes (and pocketbooks) to the research needs of clinical programs. Recently an article (3) appeared outlining a consultant's function in advising community leaders on planning and expansion of clinics. I t made only one remote reference to the importance of formalized, critical analysis of program although it emphasizes the importance of integrating educational and training features into the service setting as valuable supplements to treatment.…”

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Anxieties associated with the conduct of research in a clinical setting.

Mitchell

Mudd

1957

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

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generalized anxiety pervades contemporary western culture is T"" conceded by foremost philosophers, statesmen, and students of human behavior. This anxiety is believed to be rooted in man's feeling of helplessness in facing the unknown and participating in the unfamiliar. An inevitable response is the strong pull to repeat the familiar and to conform to preconceived expectations.Research is defined by Webster as "critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws, in the light of newly discovered facts" (1). This very definition is potentially antithetical to the acceptance of the status quo. I t is committed to an exploration of the known to determine possible paths to what is as yet unknown. Anxiety is a natural concomitant to such a commitment. In addition research processes under any circumstances are time consuming, highly expensive, and intellectually and emotionally demanding.In a clinical setting the difficulties of these processes are vastly enhanced.To clinicians, however, we cannot but be grateful for the contributions which research has made to our understanding of not only abnormal phenomena, but personality theory, habit formation, the learning process, social attitudes-indeed, most of the important areas of the behavioral sciences. This contribution has been, nevertheless, largely unsystematic, the product of a relatively small number of individual clinicians and service agencies and achieved despite a number of barriers; namely, lack of funds, space, and personnel adequate in numbers and research training. It is also evident that therapeutic techniques as used in the helping process, except in a few primarily university-affiliated centers, rest on information gained by research which heretofore has been largely clinical in character. As such, the techniques have been relatively informal, fluid, opportunistic and unstructured. Comparatively absent have been those elements of control which find expres-* MITCHELL AND MUDD 311 sion in the use of structured interviews, standardized questionnaires and schedules, electronic and photographic recording, systematic analysis of case recordings, sampling methods, and accessory statistical techniques. Staff attitudes of concern toward these more formalized methods are evident in clinical settings and are based on a variety of rational positions, but nevertheless are often laden with anxieties and tensions. I t is the purpose of this paper to discuss these anxieties as they manifest themselves across the levels of organizational structure in the service agency. Our main concern will be focused on the level of client-counselor contact. A large measure of the anxiety about the conduct of research in clinical agencies is reflected a t this level even when originating at some other level. I t is here that the use of questionnaires or electronic devices is often believed to have a directIy disturbing influence upon the client....

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Anxieties associated with the conduct of research in a clinical setting.

Mitchell

Mudd

1957

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

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Consultation in Public Health

Maddux¹

1955

Am J Public Health Nations Health

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Consultation in the planning and expansion of clinics.

Cited by 2 publications

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Anxieties associated with the conduct of research in a clinical setting.

Anxieties associated with the conduct of research in a clinical setting.

Consultation in Public Health

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