Construction of an Electrochemical Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes/Gold Nanoparticles for Trace Determination of Amoxicillin in Bovine Milk

Abstract

In this work, a novel electrochemical sensor was fabricated for determination of amoxicillin in bovine milk samples by decoration of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using ethylenediamine (en) as a cross linker (AuNPs/en-MWCNTs). The constructed nanocomposite was homogenized in dimethylformamide and drop casted on screen printed electrode. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the synthesized nanocomposites. The results show that the synthesized nanocomposites induced a remarkable synergetic effect for the oxidation of amoxicillin. Effect of some parameters, including pH, buffer, scan rate, accumulation potential, accumulation time and amount of casted nanocomposites, on the sensitivity of fabricated sensor were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, there was two linear calibration ranges from 0.2–10 µM and 10–30 µM with equations of Ipa (µA) = 2.88C (µM) + 1.2017; r = 0.9939 and Ipa (µA) = 0.88C (µM) + 22.97; r = 0.9973, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were calculated as 0.015 µM and 0.149 µM, respectively. The fabricated electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for determination of Amoxicillin in bovine milk samples and all results compared with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) standard method.

Sensitive Voltammetric Amoxicillin Sensor Based on TiO2 Sol Modified by CMK‐3‐type Mesoporous Carbon and Gold Ganoparticles

“…The electrooxidative properties of AMX were investigated on a poly(acridine orange) modified glassy carbon electrode by cyclic, differential pulse and square wave voltammetry by Ağin . An interesting combination of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and carboxylated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using ethylenediamine as a cross linker was applied in the sensor dedicated for the determination of AMX in bovine milk samples .…”

“…For example, in alkaline solutions and for phenolic compounds with high steric factors dimeric ethers are favoured products. In few manuscripts dealing with electrochemical determination of AMX the similar relationship between current signal and pH of supporting electrolyte, as it was observed in our study (see Figure S3A), was reported . In neutral or alkaline media significant decrease of current signal was noticed.…”

Screen Printed Electrode Based Detection Systems for the Antibiotic Amoxicillin in Aqueous Samples Utilising Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Synthetic Receptors

“…Thus, there is a strong need for low-cost, robust and easy to use sensors that can be used on site to determine trace levels of antibiotics in aquatic systems. Many electrochemical sensors display promise in this respect [11][12][13]. Pellegrini et al [14] discuss the usability of electrochemical sensors for the determination of antibiotics and promote their use for on-site testing due to their analysis time (~2 h) and small sample volume (~100 µL).…”

Fluorescence‐based sensor for selective and sensitive detection of amoxicillin (Amox) in aqueous medium: Application to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis

“…It is chemically 6‐[ d ‐(−)‐α‐amino‐ p ‐hydroxyphenylacetamido)penicillanic acid] and used to treat bacterial infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections caused by Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria . Its structure contains a β‐lactam ring, which is responsible for its anti‐bacterial properties but differs from other members of the group by the side‐chain which accounts for the major differences in chemical and pharmacological properties . It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed following oral administration.…”

“…Several analytical methods have been reported for the quantitative estimation of amoxicillin in bulk drug, pharmaceutical formulation and biomedical samples. These are high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV spectroscopy and spectrophotometric, electrochemical sensor, chemometric, imprinted sensor, fluorescence sensor, electrochemiluminescence and chemiluminescence methods These reported methods have the advantage of accuracy and precision but they also have some limitations such as being expensive, time consuming, requiring sophisticated instruments and some of these methods require large amount of high purity organic solvents. Therefore, there is a vital need to develop a rapid, simple, selective, sensitive and cost‐effective method for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.…”