Constructing Conjugated Microporous Polymers Containing the Pyrene-4,5,9,10-Tetraone Unit for Energy Storage

Abstract

In this work, we reported the rational design and synthesis of two pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone (PT)-linked conjugated microporous polymers (PT-CMPs) as organic electrode precursors in energy storage applications, which were prepared through the Sonogashira polycondensation reaction of ethynyl pyrene (Py-T)/tetraphenylethene (TPE-T) as common units with brominated pyrene tetraene (PT-Br2) as a redox-active unit. We employed microscopic, spectroscopic, and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm analyses to investigate the thermal stability, molecular structure, and porosity properties of both newly obtained PT-CMPs. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that both synthesized PT-CMPs feature moderate thermal stability. TheP-PT-CMP exhibited a high BET surface area of up to 300 m2 g–1 and a total pore volume was 0.34 cm3 g–1, based on N2 sorption analyses. Notably, the P-PT-CMP framework displayed a very high capacitance up to 400 F g–1 with superior capacitance stability up to 80% over 5000 cycles at 10 A g–1 according to the supercapacitor performance. In addition, we have evaluated the electrochemical performance of a symmetric coin supercapacitor, showing great potential for real-life applications in electrical energy storage (EES).

Ultrastable Three-Dimensional Triptycene- and Tetraphenylethene-Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Energy Storage

“…14−17 In EDLCs, charge storage is more of a physical process, involving adsorption/desorption of charged ions at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode; accordingly, EDLCs require a high surface area, a narrow and consistent pore size distribution, and a large pore volume if they are to provide high capacitance. 18,19 Porous organic polymers (POPs) are interesting materials because of their potential for application in various fields�especially for energy storage and gas capture. 20−36 According to IUPAC classification, porous materials can be divided into macroporous (pore diameter: >50 nm), mesoporous (2−50 nm), or microporous (<2 nm).…”

“…Increasing energy consumption and climate damage from the use of conventional fossil fuels are spurring the development of alternative energy sources and efficient energy storage devices. In particular, supercapacitors have become attractive devices because of their rapid charge/discharge switching, high power density, and long cycle life. − The storage of electrical charge in supercapacitors arises from their functioning as electrochemical pseudocapacitors or electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). − Charge storage in pseudocapacitors, also known as redox supercapacitors, operates through reversible redox reactions occurring between the electrolyte and electrode materials. − In EDLCs, charge storage is more of a physical process, involving adsorption/desorption of charged ions at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode; accordingly, EDLCs require a high surface area, a narrow and consistent pore size distribution, and a large pore volume if they are to provide high capacitance. , Porous organic polymers (POPs) are interesting materials because of their potential for application in various fieldsespecially for energy storage and gas capture. − According to IUPAC classification, porous materials can be divided into macroporous (pore diameter: >50 nm), mesoporous (2–50 nm), or microporous (<2 nm). POPs can also be defined in terms of their synthetic materials and their methods of constructed routes, for example, as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs), and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs). − CMPs are particularly interesting because they are amorphous materials possessing linked π-conjugated building blocks, where the sizes of the linkers can range from small phenyl units to bicyclic and macrocyclic moieties.…”

Construction of Porous Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Polymers Based on Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane for Energy Storage and Hydrogen Production from Water

“…SCs have two common types: electrode–electrolyte interfaces in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), which are followed by physical adsorption; and pseudocapacitors, which involve faradaic interactions that occur between the electrolyte and organic moieties or active metal oxides [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. As research advances, scientists are no longer concentrating only on developing the energy density of supercapacitors but are focusing more on improving the multifunctionality of supercapacitors, such as elastic wearable supercapacitors, smart energy storage windows, electrochromic supercapacitors (ESCs), self/charging supercapacitors, and so on [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Significantly, the performance of the supercapacitor is related to the electrode material which should fulfill the following advantages: higher electrical conductivity in order to facilitate high-rate capabilities and power densities, a large specific surface beside porosity, outstanding compatibility in order to ease ion diffusion and the ion/attainable surface area, and good distribution of pore size in order to achieve high specific capacitance and effective charge storage [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Microporous Nitrogen‐Rich Polymers via Ullmann Coupling Reaction for Selective Adsorption of C2H2 over CH4†

“…Porous organic polymers (POPs) have rapidly been emerging as very promising adsorbents because of their high physicochemical stability, large specific surface area, low skeleton density and various functionalities, which have been widely applied in industrial sewage treatment, [ 9 ] gas storage, [ 10‐11 ] gas separation, [ 12‐13 ] photocatalysis, [ 14 ] supercapacitors, [ 15‐16 ] hydrogen evolution [ 17 ] and lymphatic targeting imaging. [ 18 ] Due to the stronger Lewis acidity of C 2 H 2 compared with CO 2 and CH 4 , [ 19‐20 ] nitrogen‐rich POPs containing N‐heterocycles, aromatic amines or alkylamines could afford stronger interactions with C 2 H 2 molecules, which dramatically enhanced C 2 H 2 adsorption.…”