Ultrastable Three-Dimensional Triptycene- and Tetraphenylethene-Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Energy Storage

Abstract

In this study, we used one-pot polycondensation through Suzuki cross-coupling to prepare three three-dimensional (3D) conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs; Try-Ph-Th, Try-Ph-Py, and Try-Ph-TPE) containing triptycene (Try) moieties connected to thiophene (Th), pyrene (Py), and tetraphenylethene (TPE) units. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the thermal stabilities of the Try-Ph-Py CMP (T d10 = 605 °C; char yield = 80 wt %) and the Try-Ph-TPE CMP (T d10 = 517 °C; char yield = 71 wt %) were higher than those of the Try-Ph-Th CMP (T d10 = 471 °C; char yield = 65 wt %) and other CMP materials. The Try-Ph-TPE CMP sample possessed a high specific surface area (up to 700 m 2 g −1 ) and pore volume (0.45 cm 3 g −1 ), based on N 2 adsorption/desorption analyses as well as superior electrochemical performance, characterized by a specific capacity of 245 F g −1 at a current density of 0.5 A g −1 . The Try-Ph-Th, Try-Ph-Py, and Try-Ph-TPE CMPs exhibited high-capacity retentions of 75.00, 85.71, and 92.85%, respectively. In addition to their extraordinary three-electrode performance, these CMPs provided high specific capacitances (53, 84.2, and 166 F g −1 , respectively) when used as real supercapacitors.

Construction of Porous Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Polymers Based on Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane for Energy Storage and Hydrogen Production from Water

“…The voltage windows ranged from 0.00 to 1.00 V (vs. Hg/HgO) at a sweep speed ranging from 5 to 200 mV s −1 . Furthermore, when recorded at the highest scan rate of 200 mV s −1 , the CV curves of the OVS-HPP samples showed rectangle-shaped shapes with the appearance of humps, indicating that this capacitive response was primarily caused by EDLC with a small amount of pseudocapacitance [ 2 , 12 , 35 , 69 ]. The integrated area of the OVS-P-F HPP sample was higher than that of the OVS-P-TPA HPP sample, revealing its superior electrochemical performance.…”

“…Figure 6 c,d presents the GCD curves of the OVS-P-TPA and OVS-P-F HPPs. The GCD curves of the OVS-HPP samples revealed triangular-like shapes with a slight bend at different current densities (0.5–20 A g −1 ), indicating the presence of pseudocapacitance and EDLC characteristics [ 2 , 12 , 35 , 69 ].…”

“…The OVS-P-F HPP sample displayed excellent capacitance (292 F g –1 ) among the tested OVS-P-TPA HPPs (72 F g –1 ) at 0.5 A g –1 . This behavior could be explained in terms of its higher surface area (375 m 2 g −1 ), and the existence of phenyl rings with abundant electrons, which make electrolytes more easily accessible to the surface of the electrode [ 2 , 12 , 35 , 69 ]. In addition, the capacitances of the OVS-HPP-based samples reduced as the current density increased from 0.5 to 20 A g −1 due to inadequate available time for ion diffusion and adsorption inside the tiniest pores inside a big particle at high current densities [ 3 , 12 , 69 ].…”

“…Supercapacitors (SCs) are regarded as an alternative technology to fuel cells, the usual capacitor, and batteries. They acquired widespread interest compared with other batteries and conventional capacitors due to their lower environmental impact, prolonged cycle life, and higher power capability [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. SCs have two common types: electrode–electrolyte interfaces in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), which are followed by physical adsorption; and pseudocapacitors, which involve faradaic interactions that occur between the electrolyte and organic moieties or active metal oxides [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Effect of POSS Size on the Porosity and Adsorption Performance of Hybrid Porous Polymers

“…The selection of triptycene as the linking unit is due to its rigid and contorted structure in 3D space, which could be beneficial for increasing the porosity of PPMs. 53,54 Our results indicate that the POSS cage size can strongly affect the surface area, pore volume, and dye adsorption capacity of PPMs and, more importantly, show an almost linear increase with increasing POSS cage size. Specifically, T 12 TPM shows the largest Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area (S BET ) of 1214.8 m 2 g −1 , a pore volume (V pore ) of 1.00 cm 3 g −1 , a dye adsorption capacity of 4462.4 mg g −1 for Rhodamine B (RB), fast adsorption kinetics, excellent reusability, and stability.…”