Constrictive pericarditis in the setting of repeated chest trauma in a mixed martial arts fighter

Abstract

Background Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is characterized by scarring and loss of elasticity of the pericardium. This case demonstrates that mixed martial arts (MMA) is a previously unrecognized risk factor for CP, diagnosis of which is supported by cardiac imaging, right and left heart catheterization, and histological findings of dense fibrous tissue without chronic inflammation. Case presentation A 47-year-old Caucasian male former mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter from the Western United States presented to liver clinic for elevated liver injury tests (LIT) and a 35-pound weight loss with associated diarrhea, lower extremity edema, dyspnea on exertion, and worsening fatigue over a period of 6 months. Past medical history includes concussion, right bundle branch block, migraine headache, hypertension, chronic pain related to musculoskeletal injuries and fractures secondary to MMA competition. Involvement in MMA was extensive with an 8-year history of professional MMA competition and 13-year history of MMA fighting with recurrent trauma to the chest wall. The patient also reported a 20-year history of performance enhancing drugs including testosterone. Physical exam was notable for elevated jugular venous pressure, hepatomegaly, and trace peripheral edema. An extensive workup was performed including laboratory studies, abdominal computerized tomography, liver biopsy, echocardiogram, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, right and left heart catheterization—the gold standard—confirmed discordance of the right ventricle-left ventricle, consistent with constrictive physiology. Pericardiectomy was performed with histologic evidence of chronic pericarditis. The patient’s hospital course was uncomplicated and he returned to NYHA functional class I. Conclusions CP can be a sequela of recurrent pericarditis or hemorrhagic effusions and may have a delayed presentation. In cases of recurrent trauma, CP may be managed with pericardiectomy with apparent good outcome. Further studies are warranted to analyze the occurrence of CP in MMA so as to better define the risk in such adults.

Severely Calcified Pericardium Causing Constrictive Pericarditis

“…In particular, two case reports highlighted the associated risk of recurrent chest trauma and the development of CP that was related to professional sports, such as boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA). 13 , 14 Interestingly, a recent case report from Japan described the development of CP resulting from a back injury after a cyclist was hit by a motor vehicle. 15 …”

Delayed Hemorrhagic Pericardial Effusion following Blunt Chest Injury

“…Conservative management by catheter placement improved his symp-toms and pericardial effusion (Picture F). Our observations suggest that patients with a history of blunt chest injury should be followed up regularly, as a late diagnosis of delayed pericardial effusion can lead to a critical condition, which may require surgical management (1,2).…”