Constitution of the Ependyma in the Chicken Telencephalon

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The constitution of ependyma derived from the ventricular zone is different from that derived from other regions of the central nervous system. In the mammalian cerebrum, the ependyma is varied by the regions to cortex or basal ganglia (BG). In the avian telencephalon (Tc), previous studies about the constitution of the ependyma have not revealed clear findings. In the present study, we performed immunostaining of ependymal cells in the chicken Tc to confirm differences in the ependyma of various regions. As a result, 4 patterns of ependyma were defined in the outer side of the lateral ventricle. In the base of the lamina pallio-subpallialis (LPS), ependyma consisted of vimentin/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) double-positive cells, whereas in the base of the lamina frontalis superior, it consisted primarily of vimentin-positive cells and a small number of vimentin/GFAP double-positive cells. With the exception of the above, the pallial ependyma was a single layer containing vimentin single-positive cells. Lastly, the ependyma of the BG was rich in vimentin single-positive cells. The constitutional differences of the ependyma of the pallium and BG concerned differences in ependymal morphology and cell characteristics. These finding suggest that the bounder between pallium and BG is LPS at the point of ependyma.

Regional differences in the ependyma of the optic tectal ventricle of adult zebrafish with structures referring to brain hydrodynamics

“…Regardless of morphological differences between the ventricular systems of different vertebrate classes (Coates, ; Hirunagi, Uryu, & Fujioka, ; Jarvis & Andrew, ; Kriebel, ; Mathew, ; Mestres & Breipohl, ; Mitchell, ; Uchida et al, ), it is accepted as a general conclusion that the CSF is slowly but steadily produced into the ventricular system throughout the entire lifespan of a vertebrate organism eventually stirring to the outside surface of the CNS. CSF maintains a continuous flow from its blood plasma origin at its arteriolar beginning in the choroid plexuses to its drainage into the blood plasma through arachnoid villi at the venous end of the circulation (Davson & Segal, ; Greitz & Hannerz, ; Weller, Kida, & Zhang, ).…”

“…Although this knowledge has been solidified and is accepted as correct by the general neuroscience community, several studies are questioning some aspects of this long standing belief and adding controversy to this “established” field (Cserr, Depasquale, Patlak, & Pullen, ; Nicholson, Cserr, Rice, DePasquale, & Patlak, ; SzentistvÁNyi, Patlak, Ellis, & Cserr, ). Lately, more information concerning the ependymal system of different vertebrate classes, including teleosts, has been published (Corbo, Othman, Gutkin, Alonso Adel, & Fulop, ; Garcia‐Verdugo et al, ; Kriebel, ; Kruger & Maxwell, ; Mestres & Rascher, ; Uchida et al, ; van Leeuwen et al, ). However, most of the new knowledge concerning the ventricular and ependymal systems is produced by using zebrafish embryos.…”