Consolidating strategic planning and operational frameworks for integrated vector management in Eritrea

Abstract

BackgroundContemporary malaria vector control relies on the use of insecticide-based, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, malaria-endemic countries, including Eritrea, have struggled to effectively deploy these tools due technical and operational challenges, including the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. This manuscript outlines the processes undertaken in consolidating strategic planning and operational frameworks for vector control to expedite malaria elimination in Eritrea.Case descriptionThe effort to strengthen strategic frameworks for vector control in Eritrea was the ‘case’ for this study. The integrated vector management (IVM) strategy was developed in 2010 but was not well executed, resulting in a rise in malaria transmission, prompting a process to redefine and relaunch the IVM strategy with integration of other vector borne diseases (VBDs) as the focus. The information sources for this study included all available data and accessible archived documentary records on malaria vector control in Eritrea. Structured literature searches of published, peer-reviewed sources using online, scientific, bibliographic databases, Google Scholar, PubMed and WHO, and a combination of search terms were utilized to gather data. The literature was reviewed and adapted to the local context and translated into the consolidated strategic framework.DiscussionIn Eritrea, communities are grappling with the challenge of VBDs posing public health concerns, including malaria. The global fund financed the scale-up of IRS and LLIN programmes in 2014. Eritrea is transitioning towards malaria elimination and strategic frameworks for vector control have been consolidated by: developing an integrated vector management (IVM) strategy (2015–2019); updating IRS and larval source management (LSM) guidelines; developing training manuals for IRS and LSM; training of national staff in malaria entomology and vector control, including insecticide resistance monitoring techniques; initiating the global plan for insecticide resistance management; conducting needs’ assessments and developing standard operating procedure for insectaries; developing a guidance document on malaria vector control based on eco-epidemiological strata, a vector surveillance plan and harmonized mapping, data collection and reporting tools.ConclusionEritrea has successfully consolidated strategic frameworks for vector control. Rational decision-making remains critical to ensure that the interventions are effective and their choice is evidence-based, and to optimize the use of resources for vector control. Implementation of effective IVM requires proper collaboration and coordination, consistent technical and financial capacity and support to offer greater benefits.

Retrospective data analyses of social and environmental determinants of malaria control for elimination prospects in Eritrea

“…Eritrea is located to the south-west of the Red Sea, bordered by Ethiopia to the south, Sudan to the north and west, and the Republic of Djibouti to the south-west ( Fig. 1) [9]. Nearly 5 million people live in 124,000 square kilometers [10,11].…”

Penerapan School Based Vector Control (SBVC) untuk Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Vektor Penyakit di Sekolah

“…Padahal, fogging merupakan pengendalian vektor secara kimiawi yang penggunaannya seharusnya diminimalkan karena kurang ramah lingkugan. (17) Fogging yang dilakukan dapat meyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan dan juga nyamuk menjadi resistant jika dosis yang digunakan tidak sesuai. Selain itu, seharusnya kegiatan fogging merupakan alternatif yang dilakukan jika keadaan lingkungan sudah darurat karena terjadinya wabah DBD.…”

Major Disease Vectors in Tanzania: Distribution, Control and Challenges

“…Currently, multiple resistance interested in pyrethroid throughout the country against different vector species threatens the use of LLINs to remain as physical barrier only [68,70]. LLINs have shown to be more efficient when combined with other tools such as IRS [28,71] and larval source reduction [72,73].…”

“…The advantage of this method it utilized well is that the immature stage of mosquito is nonmotile [64]. LSM has shown effectiveness in vectors and disease transmission when done well alone [74][75][76] in combination with other methods such as LLINs and IRS [72].…”