Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Issues along the Thapathali-Teku stretch of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Nepal

Tamrakar, Anita; Parajuli, Rishi Ram

doi:10.3390/heritage2030135

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Where such information was unavailable, we used values derived from average specific gravity of associated species (same genus and family) within a forest type [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. We used Nepal-specific biomass equations to estimate the green biomass of individual species [ 54 ]. We converted the green biomass into dry biomass by multiplying by species-specific fractions or the average of associated species identified in the literature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of the Nepal community forestry program on biodiversity conservation and carbon storage

Luintel¹,

Bluffstone

Scheller

2018

PLoS ONE

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Approximately 15.5% of global forest is controlled by ~1 billion local people and the area under community control is increasing. However, there is limited empirical evidence as to whether community control is effective in providing critical global ecosystem services, such as biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. We assess the effectiveness of one example of community-controlled forest, Nepal’s Community Forestry Program (CFP), at providing biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. Using data from 620 randomly selected CFP and non-CFP forest plots, we apply a robust matching method based on covariates to estimate whether CFPs are associated with greater biodiversity conservation or carbon storage. Our results reveal a significant positive effect of CFP on biodiversity, which is robust against the influence of unobserved covariates. Our results also suggest a significant negative effect of the CFP on aboveground tree and sapling carbon (AGC) at the national scale (-15.11 Mg C ha-1). However, the CFP has a mixed effect on carbon across geographic and topographic regions and in forests with different canopy covers. Though there were no significant effects of the CFP on AGC at lower altitudes, in the Terai or hill regions, and under closed canopies, there were positive effects in open canopies (25.84 Mg C ha-1) at lower slopes (25.51 Mg C ha-1) and negative effects at higher altitudes (-22.81 Mg C ha-1) and higher slopes (-17.72 Mg C ha-1). Our sensitivity analysis revealed that the positive effects are robust to unobserved covariates, which is not true for the negative results. In aggregate, our results demonstrate that CFP can be an effective forest management strategy to contribute to global ecosystem services such as biodiversity, and to a lesser extent carbon.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of the Nepal community forestry program on biodiversity conservation and carbon storage

Luintel¹,

Bluffstone

Scheller

2018

PLoS ONE

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“…It is a principal river in the Kathmandu valley river system. The river flows through the heart of Kathmandu valley and continues downward through the southern plain to join the Holy Ganga in India [6]. Until the last three decades, Bagmati and its tributaries were able to fulfil the drinking, irrigation, and various other need of the valley.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remediation of Bagmati River water using activated carbon from Macrotyloma uniflorum (gram horse) seed

Adhikari¹,

Bhatt²

2022

BIBECHANA

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Remediation is a technique that facilitates the removable of pollutants from contaminated water. Activated carbons were prepared from indigenous Macrotyloma uniflorum (gram horse) seed using orthophosphoric acid as an activating agent. The chemically activated gram horse seed powder was carbonized using muffle furnace and characterized using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Boehm titration, methylene blue and iodine numbers. XRD and FTIR spectra indicated that the surface of amorphous activated carbon consisted of acidic and basic functional groups which efficiently adsorb pollutants from the polluted river water. The observed methylene blue and iodine numbers suggested that an impregnation ratio of 1.26:1, three hours of carbonization duration and carbonization temperature of 300 °C were the optimum conditions for the development of micro and mesopores on the surface of the activated carbon prepared from gram horse powder. The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue was 312.5 mg/g and that of iodine was 1006.2 mg/g and specific surface area was 1160.44 m2 /g. The both Langmuir and Freundlich model fit well in the methylene blue adsorption. A simple column filtration was used for the purification of river water. Most of the observed water quality parameters of the sample collected from the Bagmati River exceeded the limit recommended by WHO. However, after treatment with gram horse activated carbon, concentrations of measured parameters were reduced to WHO recommended value. More than 60% of the hardness, sulphate and phosphate concentrations were removed and more than 40% of alkalinity and chlorine demand were reduced by activated carbon. Based on the results it is considered that activated carbon from gram horse seed can be an effectively used as bio-adsorbent for the remediation of highly polluted river water. BIBECHANA 19(2022)170-183

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“…Bagmati is one, with religion and geographical importance. Various important religious shrines like Gokarneshwor, Pashupatinath, Guhyeshwari, Teku dovan, and others lie on the river's bank [3]. The Bagmati River is considered the source of Nepalese civilization and urbanization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial and Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Rivers of Kathmandu Valley

Poudel

Paudyal

Sharma

et al. 2021

NJB

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Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of condition of water relative to requirement of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. The main objective of the study is to detect the physio-chemical and microbiological parameters of water sample from the Bagmati river and its tributaries of Kathmandu valley along with antibiotic susceptibility. In physico-chemical parameters, turbidity, temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Ammonia, Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Phosphate, Iron, Nitrate, Total Dissolved solids, and color were analyzed. Iron and Turbidity was found to be above the World health organization and Nepal Standard guideline in all the samples (100%), while Ammonia was found to be above the WHO guideline in 10(90%) samples. Among 11 samples, 10(90%) showed a low Dissolved oxygen level. Most Probable Number method was followed for counting total load of coliform and fecal coliform. Escherichia coli was isolated from the sample and subjected to Antibiotic susceptibility. Coliform was detected in all the samples and E. coli was identified as highly resistant towards Gentamicin (81.8%) and sensitive towards Chloramphenicol (81.8%). High value of ammonia, turbidity and low value of Dissolved Oxygen in the lower belts of river was due to large inputs of wastewater and organic loads caused by anthropogenic activities. High value of Coliform in all the samples indicates bacterial contamination in river water. The comparative study for the water quality variables in the urban areas showed that the main rivers and its tributaries were equally polluted.

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Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Issues along the Thapathali-Teku stretch of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Nepal

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

The effects of the Nepal community forestry program on biodiversity conservation and carbon storage

The effects of the Nepal community forestry program on biodiversity conservation and carbon storage

Remediation of Bagmati River water using activated carbon from Macrotyloma uniflorum (gram horse) seed

Microbial and Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Rivers of Kathmandu Valley

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