Conservation laws in a novel hybrid approach

Schäfer, A.; Karpenko, Iu.; Elfner, Hannah

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.08578

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, hydrodynamic equations in Milne coordinates contain non-vanishing source terms, which are integrated numerically with finite accuracy. Therefore, in Milne coordinates the total energy and momentum of the system varies a little, typically increasing from the beginning of the hydrodynamic evolution towards its end by few percents [44].…”

Section: Vhllementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter is constructed dynamically during the hydrodynamical evolution with the CORNELIUS subroutine [43]. For the sake of quantum number conservation in the subsequent particlization process, it is important that the thermodynamical properties of the hypersurface elements match those of the SMASH hadron resonance gas [44]. The SMASH equation of state is thus used to re-calculate the temperature and chemical potentials at each element.…”

Section: Vhllementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, in the SMASH afterburner stage, quantum numbers are exactly conserved again, owing to its enforcement within the SMASH approach. Further discussions can be found in [44].…”

Section: Global Conservation Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particle production in a hybrid approach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ = 4.3 GeV and $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ = 200.0 GeV

Schäfer

Karpenko

et al. 2022

Eur. Phys. J. A

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Heavy-ion collisions at varying collision energies provide access to different regions of the QCD phase diagram. In particular collisions at intermediate energies are promising candidates to experimentally identify the postulated first order phase transition and critical end point. While heavy-ion collisions at low and high collision energies are theoretically well described by transport approaches and hydrodynamics+transport hybrid approaches, respectively, intermediate energy collisions remain a challenge. In this work, a modular hybrid approach, the coupling 3+1D viscous hydrodynamics () to hadronic transport (), is introduced. It is validated and subsequently applied in Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ s NN = 4.3 GeV and $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ s NN = 200.0 GeV to study the rapidity and transverse mass distributions of identified particles as well as excitation functions for $$\textrm{dN}/\textrm{d}y|_{y = 0}$$ dN / d y | y = 0 and $$\langle p_\textrm{T} \rangle $$ ⟨ p T ⟩ . A good agreement with experimental measurements is obtained, including the baryon stopping dynamics. The transition from a Gaussian rapidity spectrum of protons at lower energies to the double-hump structure at high energies is reproduced. The centrality and energy dependence of charged particle $$v_2$$ v 2 is also described reasonably well. This work serves as a basis for further studies, e.g. systematic investigations of different equations of state or transport coefficients.

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Section: Vhllementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vhllementioning

confidence: 99%

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Particle production in a hybrid approach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ = 4.3 GeV and $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ = 200.0 GeV

Schäfer

Karpenko

et al. 2022

Eur. Phys. J. A

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The applicability of hydrodynamics in heavy ion collisions at $$\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$$ = 2.4–7.7 GeV

Inghirami

Elfner

2022

Eur. Phys. J. C

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To assess the degree of equilibration of the matter created in heavy-ion reactions at low to intermediate beam energies, a hadronic transport approach (SMASH) is employed. By using a coarse-graining method, we compute the energy momentum tensor of the system at fixed time steps and evaluate the degree of isotropy of the diagonal terms and the relative magnitude of the off-diagonal terms. This study focuses mostly on Au+Au collisions in the energy range $${\sqrt{s}_\mathrm{NN}}$$ s NN = 2.4–7.7 GeV, but central collisions of lighter ions like C+C, Ar+KCl and Ag+Ag are considered as well. We find that the conditions concerning local equilibration for a hydrodynamic description are reasonably satisfied in a large portion of the system for a significant amount of time (several fm/c) when considering the average evolution of many events, yet they are rarely fulfilled on an event by event basis. This is relevant for the application of hybrid approaches at low beam energies as they are or will be reached by the HADES experiment at GSI, the future CBM experiment at FAIR as well as the beam energy scan program at RHIC.

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Particle production in a hybrid approach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 4.3 GeV and $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 200.0 GeV

Schäfer¹,

Karpenko²,

Wu³

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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Heavy-ion collisions at varying collision energies provide access to different regions of the QCD phase diagram. In particular collisions at intermediate energies are promising candidates to experimentally identify the postulated first order phase transition and critical end point. While heavy-ion collisions at low and high collision energies are theoretically well described by transport approaches and hydrodynamics+transport hybrid approaches, respectively, intermediate energy collisions remain a challenge. In this work, a modular hybrid approach, the SMASH-vHLLE-hybrid coupling 3+1D viscous hydrodynamics (vHLLE) to hadronic transport (SMASH), is introduced. It is validated and subsequently applied in Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between √ s NN = 4.3 GeV and √ s NN = 200.0 GeV to study the rapidity and transverse mass distributions of identified particles as well as excitation functions for dN/dy| y=0 and p T . A good agreement with experimental measurements is obtained, including the baryon stopping dynamics. The transition from a Gaussian rapidity spectrum of protons at lower energies to the double-hump structure at high energies is reproduced. The centrality and energy dependence of charged particle v 2 is also described reasonably well. This work serves as a basis for further studies, e.g. systematic investigations of different equations of state or transport coefficients.

show abstract

Conservation laws in a novel hybrid approach

Cited by 3 publications

References 15 publications

Particle production in a hybrid approach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ = 4.3 GeV and $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ = 200.0 GeV

Particle production in a hybrid approach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ = 4.3 GeV and $$\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}$$ = 200.0 GeV

The applicability of hydrodynamics in heavy ion collisions at $$\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$$ = 2.4–7.7 GeV

Particle production in a hybrid approach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 4.3 GeV and $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 200.0 GeV

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