Consequences of Maternal Employment for Adolescent Behaviour and Attitudes

Influence of Parental Employment Status on Caribbean Adolescents' Self-Esteem

“…Our findings with regards to academic and global self-esteem though not significant corroborate previous research that girls tend to have a poorer self-esteem than boys during adolescence [26,[33][34][35][36][37] …”

“…Research examining the reliability of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale generally has reported the instrument to be psychometrically sound; test-retest reliability was found to be 0.85 after a two-week interval and 0.82 after a one-week interval [22,35,54] reported a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.83. In this study, the scales yielded reliability coefficients of 0.82 for global self-esteem and 0.62 for academic selfesteem (Cronbach's Alpha), which indicate that the adapted Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was an internally reliable measure in this Caribbean adolescent sample.…”

“…As to the specific differences according to gender, results show that girls tend to have a poorer self-esteem than boys during adolescence, regardless of the domains taken into consideration [26,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39] studied secondary school adolescents in Malaysia aged between 13 to 17 years old and also found that males obtained higher self-esteem scores than females. In further support, Kling, Hyde, Showers and Buswell's [40] metaanalysis of gender differences in self-esteem supported that males score higher on standard measures of global self-esteem than females, but stressed that the difference is small.…”

“…The vast majority of research on self-esteem in adolescents has been conducted in the U.S. [7,17,20,41,42], with single studies conducted in Israel [43], India [35,39]. Research has been conducted with adolescents in the Caribbean focusing on self-esteem differences across cultures in which Caribbean girls gained a higher mean score for selfesteem than their male counterparts but the difference was not statistically significant [44].…”

Researching Gender-Role Ideologies Internationally and Cross-Culturally

“…That is, in most settings men and boys endorse a more traditional gender-role ideology than do women and girls. This phenomenon appears to be widespread and has been found in samples from the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Finland, England, Italy, the Philippines, Venezuela, the United States, Canada, Singapore, Japan, India, Nigeria, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Lebanon, Israel, Brazil, Iceland, Slovenia, Fiji, Taiwan, and New Zealand (Bankart, 1985;Basow, 1982Basow, ,1986Caballero, 1971;Chia et al, 1994;Damji & Lee, 1995;Daugherty & Dambrot, 1986;Diwan & Menezes, 1992;Furnham & Karani, 1985;Intons-Peterson, 1988;Kalin et d., 1982;Kremer & Curry, 1987;Morgan & Grube, 1987;Morinaga, et al, 1993;Pkrez-Prada et al, 1990;Rao & Rao, 1985;Seginer et al, 1990;Spence & Helmreich, 1978;Suzuki, 1991;Tan-Willman, 1979;Tuck et al, 1994;Williams & Best, 1990a, 1990b as well as in samples of international students in the Netherlands (Gibbons, Stiles, & Morton, 1990). It may not be universal, however.…”