Consequences of Confirmed Maternal Rubella at Successive Stages of Pregnancy

Miller, Elizabeth; Cradock-Watson, J. E.; Pollock, T.M.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92677-0

Cited by 513 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Six of the 8 children with this defect were born to mothers infected in the first trimester of pregnancy. This finding is in accord with others [10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…= data not available. The frequency of congenital rubella during the 1978 British rubella epidemic was described by Miller et al [10]. The rate of infection in infams whose mothers had rubella during the first trimes[gr of gestation was more than 80%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…At 13-14 weeks gestation the rate dropped to 54%, and ~t the end of the second trimester to 25%. During the third trimester the fetal infection rate rose from 25% to 100%, but rubella rarely causes disability at this stage of infection [ 10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rubella infection during pregnancy in the 1985–86 epidemic: Follow-up after seven years

1996

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The study covered 310 pregnant women from southern Poland who were exposed to rubella during the 1985-86 epidemic, none of whom had been vaccinated against rubella. Rubella specific antibodies were detected by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests, and IgM antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) (Organon Teknika). Clinical symptoms according to anamnesis were recorded. The consequences of serologically confirmed maternal rubella on the course of pregnancy and on fetal outcome were evaluated. IgM antibodies could be examined in only 10 newborns at delivery or in the first days of life. After seven years, follow-up studies of children born to infected mothers were done. The mental development of 14 of these children was evaluated with Terman-Merrill test. Among 310 women examined during pregnancy, rubella infection was confirmed serologically in 46 cases (14.8%). All but 3 of those had clinical symptoms. The course of pregnancy was observed in 36 of the infected mothers. Only 5 women (22.7%) who had the infection in the first trimester of pregnancy delivered a healthy child. The rate of complications in pregnancy among women infected in the second trimester was lower, and 8 (66.7%) bore healthy children. All the children born to mothers infected in the third trimester were healthy. Eight of the 10 newborns examined at delivery were IgM positive. Of 29 children congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was confirmed in 5 cases, CRS compatible or CRS possible in 7 and 3 had congenital infection only confirmed serologically (IgM-positive) without defects or symptoms. Seventeen (58.6%) children were found healthy including the 3 who had congenital infection only. The mental development of 14 children at age 7 was assessed; 10 cases (72%) fell within rank II 130-85, and 4 (28%) were of borderline intelligence. The study indicates that congenital rubella is still a serious problem in Poland. Immunization was introduced only in 1988-89, for 13-year-old girls. Women of child-bearing age should be screened for rubella antibodies and those susceptible to rubella infection should be vaccinated.

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“…Six of the 8 children with this defect were born to mothers infected in the first trimester of pregnancy. This finding is in accord with others [10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Rubella infection during pregnancy in the 1985–86 epidemic: Follow-up after seven years

1996

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“…The frequency of congenital infections after symptomatic rubella during pregnancy was determined to be more than 80% during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy and decreased to 25% at the end of the second three-month term (9). In Europe, the incidence rate of congenital rubella syndrome decreased during 1980-86 either because of vaccination campaigns in different countries or Corresponding author.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence to some torch agents in a sicilian female population of fertile age

et al. 1993

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“…Die Transmissionsrate von der Mutter auf den Feten ist in den ersten Schwangerschaftswochen (SSW) hoch (>90 %), fällt in der 16.-28. SSW auf 30 bis 40 % ab und steigt zum Ende der Schwangerschaft wieder auf 90 % an [28,29]. Häufigkeit und Schweregrad der Rötelnembryopathie (RE) hängen vom Infektionszeitpunkt in der Schwangerschaft ab.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Measles, mumps and rubella virus infection in pregnancy. Possible adverse effects on pregnant women, pregnancy outcome and the fetus

Enders

Biber²,

Exler³

2007

Bundesgesundheitsbl.

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Measles, mumps and rubella are common childhood diseases. Therefore, frequent and intense contact with children of preschool age may be associated with a higher infection risk for childcare providers. This overview summarizes current knowledge on possible adverse effects of these infections on pregnant women, pregnancy outcome and the fetus. Acute rubella or mumps virus infections are apparently not more severe in pregnant than non-pregnant women. In contrast, measles virus infection in pregnancy is linked to a higher incidence of pneumonitis and hospitalization. Evidence of congenital defects due to fetal infection is only provided in case of rubella virus infection in early pregnancy. Following rubella virus infection in the first trimester an increased fetal loss rate was reported. In 1966, a prospective study showed also a significant association between maternal mumps in the first trimester and an increased risk of abortion. But other investigators could not confirm this association. Measles and rubella but not mumps virus infections are linked to an increased premature birth rate. Occurring in late pregnancy, all three infections can result in birth of an infected infant. But severe disease occurs rarely and is mostly reported for premature infants with early neonatal measles. Preventive measures, aimed to reduce the risk of infection or severe complications for pregnant childcare providers, should consider the individual history of the employee (e.g. previous immunizations or antibody test results), the current epidemiological situation and possible interventions like passive immunization in case of exposure to measles.

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Consequences of Confirmed Maternal Rubella at Successive Stages of Pregnancy

Cited by 513 publications

References 10 publications

Rubella infection during pregnancy in the 1985–86 epidemic: Follow-up after seven years

Rubella infection during pregnancy in the 1985–86 epidemic: Follow-up after seven years

Seroprevalence to some torch agents in a sicilian female population of fertile age

Measles, mumps and rubella virus infection in pregnancy. Possible adverse effects on pregnant women, pregnancy outcome and the fetus

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