Conjunctival and corneal calcification and bone metabolism in hemodialysis patients

Predictors and consequences of altered mineral metabolism: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study

“…Specifically, a strong association between mortality and markers of mineral metabolism has been reported in several observational studies [7,8]. Altered levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and calcium-phosphorus product influence the occurrence and rate of soft tissue and, particularly, vascular calcification (mineralization) [9,10]. Vascular mineralization probably contributes to vascular occlusive disease, including the coronary, peripheral, and cerebral circulations [11].…”

Tear function in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis

“…Eye findings associated with chronic renal disease include conjunctival erythema, metastatic calcification on the ocular surface, conjunctival degenerations such as pinguecula, dry eye, band keratopathy, corneal endothelial impairments, uremic optic neuropathy, pseudotumor cerebri, uremic amaurosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface. It results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface.…”

Acute Corneal Calcification Following Chemical Injury

“…Metastatic calcification is liable to occur when there is elevation of the calcium phosphorus product as occurs with chronic renal failure, hypervitaminosis D, hyperparathyroidism, and sarcoidosis. 1,5 The calcification is typically mild and restricted to the perilimbal cornea and conjunctiva in the interpalpebral zone where the tear pH may be more alkaline as a result of evaporation, 2,4 although acute calcification can be precipitated by corneal exposure. 13,28 Dystrophic calcium deposition occurs where there is tissue injury or inflammation, such as accompanies the uveitis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, or it can be part of the normal aging process.…”

“…Metastatic deposition results when there is a raised serum calcium phosphorus product as occurs with chronic renal failure, hypervitaminosis D, sarcoidosis, or hyperparathyroidism. [1][2][3][4][5] Dystrophic deposition occurs when there is local tissue damage from chronic inflammation such as anterior uveitis. 6 The pattern of calcium deposition has also been classified: band-shaped keratopathy refers to deposition of calcium in the Bowman layer and superficial stroma, mainly in the interpalpebral zone, 6 whereas calcareous degeneration is deposition in the deeper layers of the corneal stroma although it may coexist with band-shaped keratopathy.…”