Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Applications

Jiang, Hui; Taranekar, Prasad; Reynolds, John R.; Schanze, Kirk S.

doi:10.1002/anie.200805456

Cited by 671 publications

(585 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Common examples of PEs include biologically important molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins [1][2][3] . PEs also find applications in industries such as chemical [4][5][6][7] , pharmaceutical [8][9][10][11] , food 12,13 etc. The mechanical and chemical properties of a PE depend on its conformational state, which could vary from being linear and extended to compact and collapsed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regimes of electrostatic collapse of a highly charged polyelectrolyte in a poor solvent

et al. 2017

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We perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations of a highly charged, collapsed, flexible polyelectrolyte chain in a poor solvent for the case when the electrostatic interactions, characterized by the reduced Bjerrum length B , are strong. We find the existence of several sub-regimes in the dependence of the gyration radius of the chain R g on B characterized by R g ∼ −γ B . In contrast to a good solvent, the exponent γ for a poor solvent crucially depends on the size and valency of counterions. To explain the different sub-regimes, we generalize the existing counterion fluctuation theory by including a more complete account of all possible volume interactions in the free energy of the polyelectrolyte chain. We also show that the presence of the condensed counterions modifies the effective attraction among the chain monomers and modulates the sign of the second virial coefficient in poor solvent conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regimes of electrostatic collapse of a highly charged polyelectrolyte in a poor solvent

et al. 2017

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“…The incorporation of polar ionic groups enables CPEs to be soluble in alcohol/water-based polar solvents, which offers a wide range of applications including biorelated science. [1][2][3] In recent years, CPEs have been extensively studied in the field of organic optoelectronics as they can easily form a uniform thin film via solution processing on top of an emissive layer without suffering an intermixing problem between the two layers. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] It was reported that the charged nature of CPEs has the ability to enhance polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) efficiencies as a consequence of reduction in the energy barrier for electron injection from high work function metals, much in the same way that charge trapping can, but with greater control and no requirement for pre-stressing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Efficiency Polymer LEDs with Fast Response Times Fabricated via Selection of Electron-Injecting Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Backbone Structure

Suh

Bailey

Kim

et al. 2015

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Imidazolium ionic side-group-containing fluorene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with different π-conjugated structures, poly[(9,9-bis(8'-(3"-methyl-1"-imidazolium)octyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] dibromide (F8im-Br) and poly [(9,9-bis(8'-(3"-methyl-are synthesized and utilized as an electron injection layer (EIL) in green-emitting F8BT polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). Both CPE EIL devices significantly outperform Ca cathode devices; 17.9 cd A -1 (at 3.8 V) and 16.6 lm W -1 (at 3.0 V) for F8imBT-Br devices, 11.1 cd A -1 (at 4.2 V) and 9.1 lm W -1 (at 3.4 V) for F8im-Br devices, and 7.2 cd A -1 (at 3.6 V) and 7.0 lm W -1 (at 3.0 V) for Ca devices. Importantly, unlike the F8im-Br EIL devices, F8imBT-Br PLEDs exhibit much faster electroluminescence turn-on times (< 10 μs) despite both EILs possessing the same tethered imidazolium and mobile bromide ions. The F8imBT-Br devices represent, to the best of our knowledge, the highest efficiency in thin (70 nm) single-layer F8BT PLEDs in conventional device architecture with the fastest EL response time using CPE EIL with mobile ions. Our results clearly indicate the importance of an additional factor of EIL materials, specifically the conjugated backbone structure, to determine the device efficiency and response times.3

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confidence: 99%

“…Them ost common synthetic method for generating CPEs proceeds through ap olymerization of neutral precursor monomers followed by post-polymerization modification to install the ionic functionalities. [17,18] Thep recursor route allows the use of common polymerization catalyst systems to generate an easily analyzed neutral polymer intermediate. [17] However, this approach suffers from several drawbacks.T he postpolymerization modification must proceed at extremely high conversion rates to generate the electronically homogenous material required for reproducibility in OPV applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[17,18] Thep recursor route allows the use of common polymerization catalyst systems to generate an easily analyzed neutral polymer intermediate. [17] However, this approach suffers from several drawbacks.T he postpolymerization modification must proceed at extremely high conversion rates to generate the electronically homogenous material required for reproducibility in OPV applications. This requirement for high conversion rates is further complicated by the fact that as the reaction proceeds and anonpolar moiety is made ionic, the solubility of the substrate in the reaction mixture changes dramatically.F inally and perhaps most importantly,t he conventional polymerizations used in the precursor route (e.g.…”

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A Green Route to Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Interlayers for High‐Performance Solar Cells

et al. 2017

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Synthesis of fluorene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes was achieved via Suzuki polycondensation in water and completely open to air.The polyelectrolytes were conveniently purified by dialysis and analysis of the materials showed properties expected for fluorene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes.The materials were then employed in solar cell devices as an interlayer in conjunction with ZnO.The double interlayer led to enhanced power conversion efficiency of 10.75 %a nd 15.1 %f or polymer and perovskite solar cells,respectively.Organic photovoltaics are considered ap romising solar energy conversion technology due to their potential to provide large area solution-processable,l ightweight, lowcost and flexible devices.[1] Over the past few years,p ower conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 11 %h ave been achieved for polymer-based single-junction organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices with bulk heterojunction (BHJ) architectures.[2] This progress can be attributed to improvements in device architecture,d evice processing, engineering of the interface between electrode and active layer, and the development of new electron-donor and electron-acceptor materials. [3,4] Most of the high-efficiency OPV devices employ inverted device geometries because metal oxide interlayers such as zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO x ), tin oxide (SnO x ), nickel oxide (NiO), and molybdenum oxide (MoO x ), provide enhanced stability as well as device performance. [5,6] Among the various metal oxides,z inc oxide (ZnO) is ap romising electron transport layer (ETL) because of its stability,t ransparency, facile synthesis and high mobility.[7] However,t he intrinsic surface defects and the poor contact at the inorganic/ organic interface of the metal oxide ETL and BHJ photoactive layer limit the charge extraction and transport efficiencies.T his decreases the charge carrier collection efficiency at the electrode,r esulting in ap oor short-circuit current density (J sc )a nd alow fill factor (FF). [8] To circumvent these issues,u ltra-thin buffer layers comprised of self-assembled monolayers,i onic liquid molecules,a nd fullerene derivatives have been introduced to modify the ZnO ETL.[9] Theu ltrathin buffer layer provides improved adhesion between the metal oxide interlayer and BHJ active layer, enhanced electron transfer from active layer to electrode,a nd increased built-in potential due to the dipolar nature of the interlayer.[10] Recently,a nu ltra-thin layer of af ullerene derivative (PCBE-OH) deposited on aZ nO layer was employed as the cathode buffer layer for inverted OPV in conjunction with the high-performance donor polymer PBDT-BT to give am aximum PCE of 9.4 %. [11,12] Here,t he PCBE-OH buffer layer enhances the electron collection efficiency of the inverted devices by smoothening and passivating the ZnO surface.Alternatively, the use of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), which feature ad elocalized p-p conjugated backbone with pendant ionic groups,h as emerged as ap romising design for the cathode interface modifie...

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Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Applications

Cited by 671 publications

References 92 publications

Regimes of electrostatic collapse of a highly charged polyelectrolyte in a poor solvent

Regimes of electrostatic collapse of a highly charged polyelectrolyte in a poor solvent

High-Efficiency Polymer LEDs with Fast Response Times Fabricated via Selection of Electron-Injecting Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Backbone Structure

A Green Route to Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Interlayers for High‐Performance Solar Cells

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