Conjugated polyelectrolytes for label-free visual detection of heparin

Abstract

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), with electron-delocalized backbones and charged ionic side chains, are unique sensory materials for the construction of optical biosensors. In this feature article, CPE-based visual detection of heparin is summarized. Three CPE-based heparin probes, including ratiometric, light-up and colormetric probes, are discussed in terms of molecular design, detection selectivity and quantification capability. The work summarized here provides fundamental guidelines for CPE-based label-free visual sensing. conjugated polyelectrolyte, heparin, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, sensor

Long‐Lived Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes Conjugated with Cationic Polyfluorenes for Heparin Sensing and Cellular Imaging

“…By changing the ligand structures of Ir(III) complexes, the sensing performances of PCPEs can be optimized. Heparin was chosen as the analyte because it interacts with diverse proteins and plays a vital role in the regulation of various physiological processes, such as cell growth and differentiation, inflammatory process and blood coagulation process. Hence, close monitoring and quantification of heparin are of practical importance.…”

Title Monitoring Protamine‐Heparin Interactions Using Microcapillary Impedimetric Sensor

“…Various chemical sensors for heparin detection have been developed using appropriate signal transductions such as spectroscopy 3–5, voltammetry 6, 7, quartz microbalance 7, 8 and conductometry 9. The development of potentiometric polyion sensors was pioneered by M. Meyerhoff 10 and P. Bergveld in 1990’s 11 and more sophisticated methods based on application of pulsed chronopotentiometric polymer membrane electrode (pulstrode) 12, 13 and ion‐selective membranes operated by dynamic electrochemistry protocols 14 were successfully used for heparin determination later.…”

Conjugated poly(pyridinium salt)s as fluorescence light‐up probes for heparin sensing

“…In recent years, a variety of fluorescent probes for heparin sensing have been reported, including synthetic cationic chromophores, 15 polycationic calyx [8]arenes, 16 a chromophore-tethered flexible copolymer, 17 conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) [18][19][20] , and so on. Among them, CPE-based probes have attracted considerable interests.…”

“…For example, Liu et al have introduced 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) units into polyfluorenes (PFs) derivatives to develop several CPE turn-on or ratiometric fluorescent probes for heparin sensing. 8,18,21,22 Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Unfortunately, only few kinds of CPEs such as PFs derivatives, polythiophene (PT) derivatives, are reported and effective in fluorescent assays of heparin by now.…”

“…Therefore, it is critical to detect and quantify heparin accurately and quickly. To date, many methods have been established for heparin detection and quantification, including traditional activated clotting time (ACT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), as well as fluorescent method . Compared with the traditional techniques, the fluorescent method provides several unique advantages in terms of rapid response, low cost, and high sensitivity.…”