Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Fats and Cytokine Levels of Mice

Akahoshi, Asuka; Goto, Yusuke; Murao, Kayoko; Miyazaki, Tomoko; Yamasaki, Masao; Nonaka, Michiko; Yamada, Koji; Sugano, Michihiro

doi:10.1271/bbb.66.916

Cited by 56 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The present observations in human volunteers support the findings in animals where a suppression of inflammatory TNF-a production and a reduction in immune-induced cachexia was observed following feeding with CLA (Akashoshi et al, 2002;Cook et al, 2003). Published investigations of the effect of dietary CLA on cytokine production in human subjects is surprisingly low.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers

et al. 2005

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Objectives: This study investigated the effect of dietary CLA supplementation (3g/day; 50:50 mix of the two major isomers) on the immune system and plasma lipids and glucose of healthy human (male and female) volunteers. Design: Double-blind, randomized, reference-controlled study. Subject and intervention: A total of 28 healthy male and female participants aged 25-50 y received either high oleic sunflower oil (reference) or 50% CLA 9-11 and 50% CLA 10-12 CLA isomers (50:50 CLA-triglyceride form). The treatments were given as supplements in soft-gel capsules providing a total 3 g (6 Â 500 mg capsules) per day in treatment groups for 12 weeks. A 12-week washout period followed the intervention period. Results: Levels of plasma IgA and IgM were increased (Po0.05 and 0.01 respectively), while plasma IgE levels were decreased (Po0.05). CLA supplementation also decreased the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-a and IL-1b (Po0.05), but increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 (Po0.05). Another aspect of immune function, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, was decreased during and after CLA supplementation (Po0.05). However, plasma glucose, lipids, lymphocyte phenotypic results were not affected significantly by CLA. Conclusion: This is the first study to show that CLA, a fatty acid naturally found in dairy and meat products, can beneficially affect immune function in healthy human volunteers. Sponsorship: This study was supported by Loders-Croklaan, The Netherlands and SEERAD (Scottish Executive Environmental Rural and Agriculture Department).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers

et al. 2005

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“…Our previous study in peritoneal fat derived from high-fat-diet-fed mice clearly indicated a statistically significant effect of CLA on TNF-α mRNA expression, which suggests that inhibition may occur at the adipose tissue level (44). CLA has been previously shown to decrease TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and macrophages derived from rats and mice (58,63,70,72), whereas other studies have reported either no effect or significant elevation of these cytokines in cultured cells from mice and humans (73,74). Cr has been reported to inhibit endotoxin-mediated inflammatory cytokine production in swine (75) and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (76).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Conjugated linoleic acid and chromium lower body weight and visceral fat mass in high‐fat‐diet‐fed mice

Bhattacharya

Rahman

McCarter

et al. 2006

Lipids

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More than half of the U.S. population has a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or more, which classifies them as overweight or obese. Obesity is often associated with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. CLA and chromium have emerged as major dietary supplements that reduce body weight and fat mass, and increase basal metabolic rate in animal models. However, studies show that CLA induces insulin resistance in mice and in humans, whereas Cr improves insulin sensitivity. Hence, we designed the present study to examine the combined effect of CLA and Cr on body composition and insulin sensitivity in a Balb/c mice (n = 10/group) model of high-fat-diet-induced obesity. CLA alone lowered body weight, total body fat mass, and visceral fat mass, the last of which decreased further with the combination of CLA and Cr. This effect was accompanied by decreased serum leptin levels in CLA-fed and CLA + Cr-fed mice, and by higher energy expenditure (EE) and oxygen consumption (OC) in CLA + Cr-fed mice. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as insulin resistance index (IRI), decreased with CLA, whereas CLA and Cr in combination had significant effects on insulin and IL-6 concentrations and IRI. In summary, CLA + Cr decreased body weight and fat mass in high-fat-diet-fed mice, which may be associated with decreased leptin levels and higher EE and OC.

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“…Studies in male Sprague-Dawley rats 24 and mice 65 have shown decreases of serum TNF-a levels and fat deposition after the supplementation of 1.0-1.5% of CLA. Results of these studies suggest that CLA may affect differentially the concentrations of TNF-a in the serum and adipose tissue.…”

Section: Cla Increases Apoptosis Of Adipocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjugated linoleic acid and obesity control: efficacy and mechanisms

2004

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Obesity is associated with high blood cholesterol and high risk for developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, management of body weight and obesity are increasingly considered as an important approach to maintaining healthy cholesterol profiles and reducing cardiovascular risk. The present review addresses the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fat deposition, body weight and composition, safety, as well as mechanisms involved in animals and humans. Animal studies have shown promising effects of CLA on body weight and fat deposition. The majority of the animal studies have been conducted using CLA mixtures that contained approximately equal amounts of trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12) and cis-9, trans-11 (c9t11) isomers. Results of a few studies in mice fed CLA mixtures with different ratios of c9t11 and t10c12 isomers have indicated that the t10c12 isomer CLA may be the active form of CLA affecting weight gain and fat deposition. Inductions of leptin reduction and insulin resistance are the adverse effects of CLA observed in only mice. In pigs, the effects of CLA on weight gain and fat deposition are inconsistent, and no adverse effects of CLA have been reported. A number of human studies suggest that CLA supplementation has no effect on body weight and insulin sensitivity. Although it is suggested that the t10c12 CLA is the antiadipogenic isomer of CLA in humans, the effects of CLA on fat deposition are marginal and more equivocal as compared to results observed in animal studies. Mechanisms through which CLA reduces body weight and fat deposition remain to be fully understood. Proposed antiobesity mechanisms of CLA include decreased energy/food intake and increased energy expenditure, decreased preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation, decreased lipogenesis, and increased lipolysis and fat oxidation. In summary, CLA reduces weight gain and fat deposition in rodents, while produces less significant and inconsistent effects on body weight and composition in pigs and humans. New studies are required to examine isomer-specific effects and mechanisms of CLA in animals and humans using purified individual CLA isomers.

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Fats and Cytokine Levels of Mice

Cited by 56 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers

Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers

Conjugated linoleic acid and chromium lower body weight and visceral fat mass in high‐fat‐diet‐fed mice

Conjugated linoleic acid and obesity control: efficacy and mechanisms

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