Congenital anomalies are commonly associated with exomphalos minor

Outcomes of exomphalos: an institutional experience

“…Data were collected by electronic chart review. Exomphalos minor was defined as a defect less than 5 cm in size whereas exomphalos major was defined as a defect more than 5 cm in size and/or liver in the sac [1]. A statistical analysis was carried out using Student t test and Fisher's exact test to compare the two groups.…”

“…Study design In this retrospective study 52 neonates with exomphalos were identified from 1996 to 2007. Exomphalos were stratified by the type of defect [exomphalos minor versus major (major defined as defect size more than 5 cm and/or liver in the sac)] [1]. Clinical data, demographic data, and outcome measures of mortality, length of stay (LOS), duration of mechanical ventilation and age at full enteral feeds were studied.…”

Exomphalos major: the Northern Ireland experience

“…Infants born with exomphalos experiencing respiratory distress at birth are 25 times more likely to die than those without respiratory compromise [21]. The use of prenatal MRI has been used to predict those infants likely to develop respiratory insufficiency [22].…”

“…The published incidence of associated anomalies ranges from 45 to 65% [8,15,22]. Abnormal karyotype is present in 11% of patients with EM [22]. Limb abnormalities, ectopic cordis and bladder extrophy also exhibit greater incidence in EM compared to exomphalos minor [22].…”

Early Evaluation of the Fetal Heart

“…Association with cardiac defects Noncardiac structural anomalies [91] 21% Previous history of CHD [10] 8.7% Abnormal ductus venosus [92] 7.5% Increased nuchal translucency [93] 7% Monochorionic twins [23] 5.5% (9.3% in cases with TTS) Tricuspid regurgitation [18] 5.1% Aberrant right subclavian artery [33] 5.1% Consanguinity [94] 4.4% Assisted reproductive technologies [24] 4.3% with a lower success rate such as: visualization of the ductal and aortic arches that can be obtained in 70-80% of cases ( Fig. 3 a, b), the 3-vessel and tracheal views obtained in 60-70% of fetuses ( Fig.…”