Congenital and acquired diseases related to stone formation

Abstract

Stone formation is a very heterogeneous pathomechanism. This prompt us to look at every patient individually particularly in high-risk patients, including stone and 24-h-urine analysis and additional diagnostic work-up based on stone type or underlying disease.

Medical management of urolithiasis: Great efforts and limited progress

“…However, this classification has fallen out of favor as it is not expected to change treatment [ 19 ]. However, modifiable causes of hypercalciuria such as hyperparathyroidism should be ruled out, especially in patients with high serum calcium level [ 20 , 21 ]. Medical management of hypercalciuria includes thiazide diuretics, urinary alkalization, and xanthine oxidase inhibitors.…”

“…Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is an extremely rare genetic disorder [ 21 ]. The disease usually manifests during childhood, and patients have very high levels of oxalate in urine.…”

“…The disease usually manifests during childhood, and patients have very high levels of oxalate in urine. Because of its rarity, data are limited on medical treatments for PH [ 21 ]. Pyridoxine is an agent that has been studied in patients with PH type 1 (PH1); however, many patients eventually progress to end stage renal disease and require liver-kidney transplantation.…”

Polycystic Renal Disease Presented by Anuria and Nephrolithiasis Associated Progressive Kidney Damage: A Case Report

“…2,3 Uric acid stones and calcium oxalate stones are the most frequently detected stones and seen in similar proportions. 4 Hydronephrosis, which is the most valuable radiological finding in the diagnosis of stone-related postrenal insufficiency, may be difficult to differentiate from common cysts in ADPKD patients. 3 When kidney dysfunction develops in ADPKD patients, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) loss reaches an average of 4.4 to 5.9 mL/min per year.1 Faster deterioration in these patients requires investigation for prerenal factors such as dehydration that triggers acute kidney damage or stone-related postrenal factors.…”

Nanoparticle-mediated delivery system alleviates the formation of infection stones by activating TRPV5

“…Urolithiasis is clinically characterized by the formation of stones in the urethra, kidney or bladder, and the incidence in the human population is as high as 10% (Torzewska et al 2014). Urolithiasis can be caused by various factors, such as metabolic disorders, bacterial infection, neurogenic diseases, congenital diseases, unhealthy life style and dietary structure (Dawson and Tomson 2012;Veser et al 2018). Struvite stones, which account for 10-15% of all urinary stones, are mostly induced as the result of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the presence of urease-producing bacteria, such as Proteus species (Fowler 1984).…”