“…These advantages include a broad beamwidth, wide angular coverage, full integration to the curved surface, space conservation, and reduction in the hydrodynamic dragging effect [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Conformal volumetric arrays on a doubly curved surface similar to a spherical array (SA) are regarded as the most effective geometric configuration for applications requiring a hemispherical beam coverage [ 4 , 5 ]. Consequently, the design of an SA has been a subject of interest to many researchers for decades and numerous studies related to that have been reported in the literature [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”