Confocal Imaging–Guided Laser Ablation of Basal Cell Carcinomas: An Ex Vivo Study

Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature

“…Some studies show support for the temporal onset of AD leading to SUD while others do not (Alegria et al., 2010; Crum et al., 2013; Farmer et al., 2017; Feingold et al., 2016; Kessler et al., 1997; Liang et al., 2011; Martins et al., 2009, 2012; Menary et al., 2011; Robinson et al., 2011; Swendsen et al., 1998; Wolitzky‐Taylor et al., 2012). Data from three epidemiological studies in Europe and the United States showed that phobic disorders are more likely to precede AUD, but the pathway between panic disorders and AUD was equally strong in both directions (Swendsen et al., 1998).…”

“…Examining the population who report SM can provide more insight into the relationship between AD and SUD, specifically for those who use substances as coping mechanisms, and is central to the validation of the SMH. Three studies using longitudinal data from the NESARC waves 1 and 2 have measured the likelihood of incident SUD among those reporting SM for AD symptoms (Crum et al., 2013; Menary et al., 2011; Robinson et al., 2011). When considering AD overall, there is strong evidence that self‐medicating AD symptoms is related to the development of new substance dependence or SUD and also to the persistence of SUD (Crum et al., 2013; Menary et al., 2011; Robinson et al., 2011).…”

“…Three studies using longitudinal data from the NESARC waves 1 and 2 have measured the likelihood of incident SUD among those reporting SM for AD symptoms (Crum et al., 2013; Menary et al., 2011; Robinson et al., 2011). When considering AD overall, there is strong evidence that self‐medicating AD symptoms is related to the development of new substance dependence or SUD and also to the persistence of SUD (Crum et al., 2013; Menary et al., 2011; Robinson et al., 2011). SM with alcohol for AD symptoms at wave 1 was associated with a 2.50 (95% CI = 1.26–4.97) odds increase for wave 2 onset AUD (Robinson, Sareen, Cox, & Bolton, 2011) and the persistence of alcohol dependence from wave 1 to wave 2 (AOR = 6.25, 95% CI = 3.24–12.05) (Crum et al., 2013).…”

“…When considering AD overall, there is strong evidence that self‐medicating AD symptoms is related to the development of new substance dependence or SUD and also to the persistence of SUD (Crum et al., 2013; Menary et al., 2011; Robinson et al., 2011). SM with alcohol for AD symptoms at wave 1 was associated with a 2.50 (95% CI = 1.26–4.97) odds increase for wave 2 onset AUD (Robinson, Sareen, Cox, & Bolton, 2011) and the persistence of alcohol dependence from wave 1 to wave 2 (AOR = 6.25, 95% CI = 3.24–12.05) (Crum et al., 2013). SM with drugs for anxiety symptoms at wave 1 was also related to wave 2 onset drug use disorders (AOR = 3.46, 95% CI = 1.26–9.49) (Robinson et al.…”

“…Previous work using this method has shown support for the SMH (Gorka, Hedeker, Piasecki, & Mermelstein, 2017; Possemato et al., 2015). Epidemiological studies using general population samples can overcome some of the limitations of treatment‐seeking samples, such as treatment‐seeking bias, by being representative of the general population (Alegria et al., 2010; Crum, La Flair et al., 2013; Crum, Mojtabai et.al., 2013; Farmer et al., 2017; Feingold, Weiser, Rehm, & Lev‐ran, 2015, 2016; Fergusson, Boden, & Horwood, 2009; Kessler et al., 1997; Kuo, Gardner, Kendler, & Prescott, 2006; Lazareck et al., 2012; Liang, Chikritzhs, & Lenton, 2011; Martins et al., 2012; Martins, Keyes, Storr, Zhu, & Chilcoat, 2009; Menary, Kushner, Maurer, & Thuras, 2011; Robinson, Sareen, Cox, & Bolton, 2011; Sareen et al., 2001; Swendsen et al., 1998; Wolitzky‐Taylor, Bobova, Zinbarg, Mineka, & Craske, 2012). Epidemiological samples are further strengthened by using age of onset or longitudinal designs to assess the temporal onset of MD/AD and SUD.…”