Conductive polymers for thermoelectric power generation

Bharti, Meetu; Singh, Ajay; Samanta, Soumen; Aswal, D. K.

doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.09.004

Cited by 286 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…With no or low doping levels, most (bi)polarons in conductive polymers tend to be localized, resulting in their discontinuous electronic energy levels and isolated energy states within the band structure . However, at high doping levels, the adjacent (bi)polarons tend to overlap with each other, forming intrachain and interchain (bi)polaron couplings, as shown in Figure c .…”

Section: Fundamentals Of Conductive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Figure a shows several representative molecular structures of conductive polymers, including p‐type PANI, P3HT, P3BT, PA, PEDOT, PTs, and PPy; n‐type polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL), poly[K x (Ni‐ett)], poly(perinaphthalene) (PPN), and poly(Cu‐benzenehexathiol) (CuBHT) . Unlike saturated insulating polymers whose carbon atoms are sp 3 hybridized and all electrons are localized in the form of covalent bonding, conductive polymers have backbones of contiguous sp 2 hybridized carbon centers with delocalized electrons . Figure b illustrates that one 2p electron of an sp 2 ‐hybridized carbon atom is released and the left three remaining electrons are involved in forming three σ‐bonds, which constitute the backbones of conductive polymer chains .…”

Section: Fundamentals Of Conductive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fundamentals Of Conductive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations

et al. 2019

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The urgent need for ecofriendly, stable, long‐lifetime power sources is driving the booming market for miniaturized and integrated electronics, including wearable and medical implantable devices. Flexible thermoelectric materials and devices are receiving increasing attention, due to their capability to convert heat into electricity directly by conformably attaching them onto heat sources. Polymer‐based flexible thermoelectric materials are particularly fascinating because of their intrinsic flexibility, affordability, and low toxicity. There are other promising alternatives including inorganic‐based flexible thermoelectrics that have high energy‐conversion efficiency, large power output, and stability at relatively high temperature. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art in the development of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices is summarized, including exploring the fundamentals behind the performance of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices by relating materials chemistry and physics to properties. By taking insights from carrier and phonon transport, the limitations of high‐performance flexible thermoelectric materials and the underlying mechanisms associated with each optimization strategy are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges in flexible thermoelectric materials are discussed in conclusion, and suggestions and a framework to guide future development are provided, which may pave the way for a bright future for flexible thermoelectric devices in the energy market.

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Section: Fundamentals Of Conductive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Fundamentals Of Conductive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations

et al. 2019

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“…κ can be treated as the accumulation of lattice vibration (lattice thermal conductivity, κ l ) and electrical thermal conductivity (κ e ) . In recent decades, flexible thermoelectrics show extensive potential for application in wearable electronics due to high flexibility comparing with their bulk counterparts . For example, with high flexibility, thin thermoelectric films can conveniently attach on human skin, which shows great potentials to utilize the temperature gradient between human body and surrounding environment to generate electricity to charge cell phones .…”

Section: Comparison Of Zt (T = 300 K) Of Bi2te27se03 Films Preparedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropy Control–Induced Unique Anisotropic Thermoelectric Performance in the n‐Type Bi₂Te_2.7Se_0.3 Thin Films

et al. 2019

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Anisotropic Bi2Te3‐based thermoelectric materials have drawn extensive interest in the past decades. Here, n‐type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 films with superhigh figure of merit are developed through anisotropy control via tuning an external electric field and deposition anisotropy. It is found that the angle of interplanar grain boundaries between (0 1 5) and (0 1 11) planes can be tuned by the applied external electric field, which leads to the strengthened anisotropy of electron mobility and simultaneously maintains low lattice thermal conductivity. Dominated by the unique change in the anisotropy of both lattice thermal conductivity and electron mobility, a record‐high zT value of ≈1.6 at room temperature can be achieved in the as‐deposited n‐type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 film under 20 V external electric field. This work indicates that the electric field–induced deposition anisotropy control can be used to develop high‐performance Bi2Te3‐based thermoelectric films.

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“…Furthermore, the large operating temperature difference has its own contribution, but ultimately it is all about the material's ability to convert heat and generate usefule lectric power. Recently, many new classes of materials,s uch as metal sulfides, [10] selenides, [11] half-Heusler compounds, [12] filled skutterudites, [13] clathrates, [14] oxides, [15] organic or polymer materials, [16] Zintl compounds, [17] and carbon-based compounds, [18] have been introduced with promising properties that give new hopes for the future of thermoelectric technology.F urthermore, strategies such as doping, [19] nanostructuring, [20] alloying, [21] resonant level filling, [22] and band engineering [23] have also been successful in improving the ZT value of the materials. [9] They were preferred for such applications even thought he conversion efficiency was very low because of to their ability to reliably generate poweri nr emote areas without any need for complex technology.D uring 21st century,b etter thermoelectric materials have been developed that are able to expand application of such devices.…”

Section: Thermoelectric Generatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powering the Hydrogen Economy from Waste Heat: A Review of Heat‐to‐Hydrogen Concepts

Mulla

Dunnill

2019

ChemSusChem

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Ever‐increasing energy demands and environmental concerns require new and clean energy supplies, many of which are intermittent and do not correlate with demand. To balance supply with demand, a universal energy vector should be employed such that intermittent renewable energy can be stored and transported and then used when needed. Hydrogen is the perfect universal energy vector and a possible solution that ensures environmental cleanliness, maximum utilization of renewable energy sources, and high efficiency, whereby the combustion of the fuel yields only water. One abundant and freely available energy source—both anthropogenic and natural—is heat. Heat can be obtained from industrial processes and is indeed often viewed as a waste product with a premium to remove but is notoriously difficult to capture, store, and transport. Capturing and storing low‐grade heat therefore provides a significant opportunity and can be achieved by coupling thermoelectric generators and water electrolyzers. A thermoelectric generator is placed within a thermal energy gradient and produces a flow of current that is fed to the electrolysis unit with which it produces hydrogen and oxygen as the final products. The hydrogen can be stored for long periods and transported for “on‐demand” use in fuel cells for electricity from hydrogen burners for a return to thermal energy. This Review summarizes the current state‐of‐the‐art research into implementing thermoelectric generators and utilizing heat as a primary energy source to produce hydrogen, which could replace the need for extra electric power to run hydrogen production units. Furthermore, suitable requirements, modifications, and other related aspects associated with such a new and novel method of hydrogen generation are discussed. Hydrogen produced from otherwise‐wasted energy sources can be considered to be green.

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Conductive polymers for thermoelectric power generation

Cited by 286 publications

References 106 publications

Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations

Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations

Anisotropy Control–Induced Unique Anisotropic Thermoelectric Performance in the n‐Type Bi₂Te_2.7Se_0.3 Thin Films

Powering the Hydrogen Economy from Waste Heat: A Review of Heat‐to‐Hydrogen Concepts

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Conductive polymers for thermoelectric power generation

Cited by 286 publications

References 106 publications

Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations

Flexible Thermoelectric Materials and Generators: Challenges and Innovations

Anisotropy Control–Induced Unique Anisotropic Thermoelectric Performance in the n‐Type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 Thin Films

Powering the Hydrogen Economy from Waste Heat: A Review of Heat‐to‐Hydrogen Concepts

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Anisotropy Control–Induced Unique Anisotropic Thermoelectric Performance in the n‐Type Bi₂Te_2.7Se_0.3 Thin Films