Conducting Properties of Polyaniline Emeraldine Salt on Paper in the Low-Frequency Region

Abstract

Polyaniline emeraldine salt (PAni-ES) was successfully deposited on paper through layer-by-layer technique. In this method, a paper was alternately dipped in aniline monomer and an oxidizing agent for different dipping cycles. This process produced green PAni-ES on paper. The morphology of the samples showed polymeric networks with pores, fiber-like structures and aggregates. There is a transition from frequency-independent to frequency-dependent conductivities of the samples. The conductivity increased with increasing number of dipping cycles. The frequency-dependent conductivities follow the power-law behavior reflecting conducting network and hopping mechanisms. Lastly, the conductivities with frequency followed a scaling behavior reflecting a common physical mechanism in PAni-ES on paper.

Techniques and Processes for the Realization of Electrically Conducting Textile Materials from Intrinsically Conducting Polymers and Their Application Potential

“…It is generally assumed that high crystallinity and a linear array of chains allow high conductivity, which has been confirmed for technically and commercially relevant polymers, such as PT and PEDOT. In contrast, this assumption could not be confirmed for PAni, which is mostly amorphous and has little to no differences in crystallinity [6]. Other polymers, e.g., PAc and PPP, exhibit a negatively charged polymer structure.…”

“…Counter ions are introduced for the compensation of free charges generated on chains by oxidation and reduction [7]. The conductivities of PAc and polyheterocycles (PHC) vary widely in terms of their stability: while PAc exhibit a considerable loss in conductivity after 24 h, the conduction properties of PHC remain stable even after several days [6]. The degree of doping affects both conductivity as well as stability.…”

“…The less doped a polymer is, the lower its stability. The doping and electrical conductivity of polymers can also be enhanced by acids and bases [5,6]. The characteristics of PT are determined by the sulfur heteroatom in the cyclic C-H-bond (Figure 2).…”

“…In terms of PAni synthesis, different influencing factors come into play, such as the selected monomers, solvent, conducting salt, and oxidation conditions, thus affecting the chemical composition and morphology. Additionally, the color and characteristics of PAni vary according to their oxidation state; three important states can be identified as follows [6,19,20]:…”

Capacitive property studies of inexpensive SILAR synthesized polyaniline thin films for supercapacitor application

“…Also, using the SILAR method it can be possible to synthesize a large area thin films with uniform surface morphology in which thickness and composition can be easily controlled by easy preparative parameters such as a number of cycles and process of immersion [27,28]. Previously PANI thin films have been synthesized using SILAR method, Kulkarni et al [26] prepared a fused nanorods on stainless steel and glass substrate, Parez et al [29] prepared a fiber like porous structure on Whatman filter paper. Arejola et al [30] prepared on polyethylene board, Patil et al [31] used different surfactants to prepare different nanostructures on SS substrate, Chougale et al [32] prepared interconnected nanofibrous structure on a glass substrate.…”