Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Thermogalvanic Cells

Abstract

Donata, Ellen, and Dan, for being good friends for all these years, for all the memorable parties they organized in their place, for the best time we shared during their stay in Norrkoping. Robert, the Australian friend, for being my other main collaborator throughout these years, for sharing, encouraging, helping and exciting discussions, for all the fun time we shared during these years. Jesper, for being a close friend and for the excellent help in finishing the most challenging Ph.D. course 'Advanced Organic Electronics' ever I took. Felipe, for being a good friend and for sharing jokes and exciting discussions. Eliot, my photography teacher, for elevating my interest in photography Josefine and Theresia, for being my first Swedish friends and sharing the office room in Täppan and help in translating. Maria, Elina, and Ioannis (Yainni), the Greek friends, for your wonderful friendship and all the fun time we shared. Anna H., for helping with equipment, and chemicals ordering Ziauddin (Zia 2.0), for discussing the latest updates in the Cricket world (our favorite sport) and for interesting discussion in electrochemistry.

Unconventional Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications

“…Because the redox electrolyte will transport an electric current through molecular shuttles by convection, diffusion, and migration between the two electrodes, a constant power can be extracted by connecting two electrodes to an external R L . 52 The equivalent electrical circuit of a TGC (Figure 5b) is a generator composed of an ideal potential source (Seebeck voltage) in series with an internal resistance R. The current− voltage characteristics follow that of a Thevenin generator:…”

“…As illustrated in Figure , the thermogalvanic cell is an electrochemical thermoelectric generator that produces a difference in electric potential when a temperature gradient is set across the two electrodes. Because the redox electrolyte will transport an electric current through molecular shuttles by convection, diffusion, and migration between the two electrodes, a constant power can be extracted by connecting two electrodes to an external R L …”

“…(c) I – V and P – V curves of a thermogalvanic cell. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 Linköping University Press.…”

Ionic thermoelectric materials and devices

“…It depends if the ions are redox active or not. The first is thermogalvanic cells [96] in which an electron transfer takes place between the electrode and the redox ions located at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The redox ions act as shuttles for the electrons passing across the electrolyte and being delivered at the other electrode to produce a continuous current.…”

Thermoelectric energy harvesting for personalized healthcare

“…The equivalent electrical circuit of the TGCs can be regarded as a power supply with an internal resistance R In (Figure 3A). 35 Similar to the electronic thermoelectric material, the p-type (S i > 0) and n-type (S i < 0) ionic thermoelectric materials also can be connected in series (P-N, P-P, and N-N) to compose the fundamental TGC element, which can be further assembled as TGCs to support the demands of output voltage, current, and power (Figure 3B,C). 36,37 In addition to TGC, another kind of ionic thermoelectric material (TEC) with a non-redox-active electrolyte can generate a transient voltage (Figure 4A).…”