Conducting Al and Ga-doped zinc oxides; rapid optimisation and scale-up

Abstract

A high-throughput continuous hydrothermal flow method for optimisation of TCO nanomaterials was utilised for the synthesis of aluminium and gallium doped zinc oxides as more sustainable alternatives to indium tin oxide. Rates of production of up to 8 kg per day were achieved.

Si-doped zinc oxide transparent conducting oxides; nanoparticle optimisation, scale-up and thin film deposition

“…Although TCO compositions with the lowest resistivities in the literature are typically in the range 3 to 7 at% Si, 10,11,15 it has previously been shown that ZnO-based CHFS-made TCOs tend to require lower dopant levels to produce materials with low resistivity compared to their non-CHFS analogues. 32,33 Thus seven samples of SiZO were first synthesised on the laboratory scale CHFS process at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 at% Si, respectively (with respect to Zn at% in the starting solution). The optimally conductive sample of 0.25 at% Si, was then synthesised on the pilot scale at a production rate of 350 g h À1 .…”

“…CHFS has already been used for the manufacture of selected well-defined TCO nanomaterials such as ITO, 31 AZO, 32 GZO, 32 and AGZO 33 (latter is aluminium-and galliumco-doped zinc oxide); these reports demonstrated that a pilot plant scale-up CHFS process (production rate of B0.5 kg h À1 ) of TCO nanopowders was capable of maintaining good electrical properties of the materials when tested as heat-treated pellets when compared to the equivalent smaller lab-scale process (of B60 g h À1 ).…”

Room temperature vanadium dioxide–carbon nanotube gas sensors made via continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis

“…This was then mixed with the aqueous vanadium (IV) salt via pump P-2. 49 ). DI water and premixed metal precursor solution from pumps P2 and P3 were mixed in a ¼ inch stainless steel T-piece, prior to mixing with the supercritical water flow delivered via pump P-1 (temperature = 450 ̊ C, pressure = 24 MPa) in a Confined Jet Mixer (CJM).…”

Photocatalytic and electrically conductive transparent Cl-doped ZnO thin films via aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition

“…[8][9][10][11][12] Doping is a strategy to enhance the electrical conductivity of TCO materials. Cation dopants such as Al 3+ , Ga 3+ , In 3+ , [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Sc 3+ , 20 Si 4+ (ref. 21 and 22) and Cu 23 and anion dopants such as F À , 16,24,25 Cl À (ref.…”