¿Condiciona la ideología de acogida las actitudes de los partidos populistas hacia la UE? Los vínculos entre populismo y euroescepticismo en el sur de Europa

Abstract

¿Puede un estudio de partidos populistas en el sur de Europa arrojar luz sobre la relación entre el populismo y el euroescepticismo? Este trabajo comparativo examina los diferentes grados y tipos de euroescepticismo de los partidos populistas en la región sur, ya que esperamos que la naturaleza más variada de los partidos populistas en esta región amplíe el conocimiento sobre las relaciones entre el populismo y el euroescepticismo. En general, nuestro artículo muestra que los partidos populistas de izquierda y derecha comparten lo que inicialmente puede parecer un perfil euroescéptico homogéneo. Sin embargo, un examen más exhaustivo confirma que los partidos populistas de izquierda tienen opiniones más positivas sobre el proceso de integración en los indicadores relacionados con el lado político de la UE (poderes del Parlamento Europeo y proceso de ampliación).

The Triumph of (Underlying)Ideology Over Populism in Western Europe

“…As for opposition to free trade agreements, these are often the result of opaque and secret negotiations, which can fuel anti-establishment attacks by populist parties. However, we cannot ignore what different investigations such as those of Plaza-Colodro et al (2018) and Van der Waal and De Koster (2018) point out. The attitudes toward the EU and protectionism of populist parties are considerably mediated by their thick ideology: in the case of the populist left it is part of their aversion to economic inequality and neo-liberal policies, while in the case of the populist right, it is mediated by their ethnocentric and nationalist cultural agenda.…”

“…However, as Halikiopoulou et al (2012) pointed out, right-wing populist parties express their nationalist and Eurosceptic stances from a predominantly ethnic viewpoint while left-wing populist parties adopt a predominantly civic perspective. In this regard, the study of Plaza-Colodro et al (2018) shows that populist parties indeed share a Eurosceptic profile but a further examination indicates that their positions toward the EU are mediated by their thick ideology: rightwing populist parties' Euroscepticism is directed against the foundational pillars of the EU (i.e., integration and borders) while left-wing populist parties focus their opposition to the economic dimension of the organization.…”

Mad Marx? Rethinking Emotions, Euroscepticism and Nationalism in the Populist Left

“…Much research on this nexus has taken a distinctly Northern European perspective, where right-wing populist parties have typically been more dominant than their left-wing counterparts. As such, recent literature on left-wing populism and Euroscepticism is a welcome addition to the field, which also nuances the idea of this relationship (Rooduijn 2018;Plaza-Colodro, Gómez-Reino and Marcos-Marne 2018;Gómez-Reino Cachafeiro and Plaza-Colodro 2018;Della Porta, Kouki and Fernandez 2017;Damiani and Viviani 2019). It is widely assumed that the left-wing resistance to the EU stems from a mostly economic perspective (Rooduijn and Akkerman 2017).…”

“…This argument is largely based on a comparison between the European populist right and the South American populist left, and Mudde and Kaltwasser conclude that left-wing populist would rather refer to a more inclusive idea of 'the People', which can and should be contrasted to the right-wing, xenophobic idea of 'the Nation', which indicates a hostility to migrants and foreigners. This perspective has become very popular, and is used widely when analysing different varieties of populism in the European context (van Elsas, Hakhverdian and van der Brug 2016;Plaza-Colodro, Gómez-Reino and Marcos-Marne, 2018;March 2017). There is also literature which argues that left-wing populists are heavily concerned with economic issues, rather than cultural politics (Keith 2017;Gómez-Reino Cachafeiro and Plaza-Colodro 2018;Plaza-Colodro, Gómez-Reino and Marcos-Marne 2018).…”

“…This perspective has become very popular, and is used widely when analysing different varieties of populism in the European context (van Elsas, Hakhverdian and van der Brug 2016;Plaza-Colodro, Gómez-Reino and Marcos-Marne, 2018;March 2017). There is also literature which argues that left-wing populists are heavily concerned with economic issues, rather than cultural politics (Keith 2017;Gómez-Reino Cachafeiro and Plaza-Colodro 2018;Plaza-Colodro, Gómez-Reino and Marcos-Marne 2018).…”