Concurrent processing of vehicle lane keeping and speech comprehension tasks

The effects of cognitively demanding dual-task driving condition on elderly people’s driving performance; Real driving monitoring

“…This finding is in line with Cao and Liu (2013) who reported that difficulty of the tasks affects comprehension levels. Comprehension in complex tasks requires more attentional resources, information processing, and interpreting resources.…”

Texting while driving using Google Glass™: Promising but not distraction-free

“…We observed an increase of 0.20 m in standard deviation of lane position for the drive + manual condition, 0.15 m for the drive + vocal condition, and 0.02 m for the drive + glass condition, compared to the drive-only condition, which indicated significant increases in lane departure risks in the drive + manual and drive + vocal conditions. The distraction effect of texting on standard deviation of lane position was comparable to or even larger than other distraction or impaired driving conditions (Cao and Liu, 2013 excursions in drive-vocal was significantly larger than that in drive-glass, t (24) = 3.43, p = 0.002.…”

Texting while driving: Is speech-based text entry less risky than handheld text entry?

“…We observed 0.04 m increase in standard deviation of lane position for the drive + verbal condition, and 0.14 m for the drive + manual condition, compared to the drive-only condition. The distraction effect of texting on standard deviation of lane position was compared to other distraction or impaired driving conditions (Cao and Liu, 2013;Lenné et al, 2010;Tsimhoni et al, 2004). For example, drivers taking alcohol increased their standard deviation of lane position by 0.05 m and drivers taking cannabis increased by 0.08 m (Lenné et al, 2010).…”

“…Reactions times in both speech-based and manual interaction conditions were slower than the drive-only condition (McCallum et al, 2004). In addition, a recent study showed that performing a secondary speech comprehension task may not affect the primary task performance of lane keeping, although concurrent comprehension increased drivers' mental workload and reduced drivers' capability to comprehend speech correctly (Cao and Liu, 2013).…”