“…We observed an increase of 0.20 m in standard deviation of lane position for the drive + manual condition, 0.15 m for the drive + vocal condition, and 0.02 m for the drive + glass condition, compared to the drive-only condition, which indicated significant increases in lane departure risks in the drive + manual and drive + vocal conditions. The distraction effect of texting on standard deviation of lane position was comparable to or even larger than other distraction or impaired driving conditions (Cao and Liu, 2013 excursions in drive-vocal was significantly larger than that in drive-glass, t (24) = 3.43, p = 0.002.…”