Concurrent LI-rTMS induces changes in c-Fos expression but not behavior during a progressive ratio task with adult ephrin-A2A5-/- mice

Offline Parietal Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation or Alpha Frequency Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Has No Effect on Visuospatial or Temporal Attention

“…However, HI-rTMS is difficult to administer online as it can induce muscle twitching and is accompanied by a loud clicking sound which could distract participants from the task. Due to the exploratory nature of this study in relation to LI-rTMS it may also be that attention was not the most suitable behaviour to assess LI-rTMS effects, although our choice was guided by animal models which have suggested some attention-related effects of LI-rTMS ( Poh et al, 2018 ; Moretti et al, 2021 ). LI-rTMS may be able to modulate behaviour in other tasks, although it is not yet clear which tasks would be most suitable.…”

Accelerated low-intensity rTMS does not rescue anxiety behaviour or abnormal connectivity in young adult rats following chronic restraint stress

“…Following CRS, animals in the treatment groups received 3 sessions of active or sham 10 Hz stimulation per day (spaced 1 h apart), for 5 consecutive days per week, for 2 weeks. Each stimulation session consisted of 10 min of 10 Hz low-intensity stimulation, in line with previous animal studies ( Makowiecki et al, 2018 ; Moretti et al, 2020 ; Poh et al, 2019 ; Seewoo et al 2018 , 2019b , 2021a , 2021b ). For all animals, behavioural tests and magnetic resonance imaging procedures were conducted at baseline, after the chronic restraint stress period, midway through treatment, post-treatment, and at one-week and two-week follow-up time points ( Fig.…”

Dissecting the functional contributions of different neuronal subtypes in the dorsal striatum to perseverative behaviour in ephrin-A2/A5-/-mice

“…Although there is broad evidence for an effect of rTMS on dopamine levels in the brain [8], the effect of rTMS on dopamine-related behaviour is relatively unknown. Ephrin A2/A5 -/- mice are a strain of mice that have demonstrated abnormal behavioural patterns [11,12] which could be due to abnormal dopaminergic innervation in the striatum [13]. For example, ephrin A2/A5 -/- mice that completed progressive ratio (PR) tasks showed perseverative behaviour, with greater number of responses in the PR task compared to wildtype mice irrespective of the increasing task difficulty [12].…”

“…Ephrin A2/A5 -/- mice are a strain of mice that have demonstrated abnormal behavioural patterns [11,12] which could be due to abnormal dopaminergic innervation in the striatum [13]. For example, ephrin A2/A5 -/- mice that completed progressive ratio (PR) tasks showed perseverative behaviour, with greater number of responses in the PR task compared to wildtype mice irrespective of the increasing task difficulty [12]. The ephrin-A2A5 -/- mice also showed reduced cellular activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after two weeks of the PR task, compared to wildtype mice [12], which may reflect an accelerated dorsal shift in neuronal c-Fos activity characteristic of habitual behaviour [4].…”

“…For example, ephrin A2/A5 -/- mice that completed progressive ratio (PR) tasks showed perseverative behaviour, with greater number of responses in the PR task compared to wildtype mice irrespective of the increasing task difficulty [12]. The ephrin-A2A5 -/- mice also showed reduced cellular activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after two weeks of the PR task, compared to wildtype mice [12], which may reflect an accelerated dorsal shift in neuronal c-Fos activity characteristic of habitual behaviour [4]. Interestingly, chronic excitatory low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) delivered to ephrin-A2/A5 -/- mice during the PR task ameliorated the reduced c-Fos expression in the ventral striatum of ephrin-A2/A5 -/- mice, resulting in activity more similar to wildtype levels [12].…”