Concerning radiosondes, lag constants, and radio refractive index profiles

Abstract

Temperature and relative humidity reported by the radiosonde have long been converted to radio refractive index without regard to sensor time lag. Past studies of radio ducting incidence have shown that under restricted conditions only corrections for humidity sensor lag need be made. It is here shown that lag constants currently in the literature are inadequate under conditions of superrefraction of radio waves. Use of currently available lag constants indicates that, should any correction be made, both temperature and humidity sensor lags must be considered for any climatological comparison of ducting incidence. By ignoring sensor time lag, one tends to underestimate ducting incidence; by correcting only for humidity sensor lag, one tends to overestimate ducting incidence.

Solar flares at submillimeter wavelengths

“…Empirically the refractivity at microwave frequencies is not very different (e.g. Bean and Dutton 1961). For solar plasma we can crudely estimate the refractivity by using air via scaling to the density of oxygen, which gives a factor of roughly 10 −4 and a refractivity of about 0.3.…”

Neurofuzzy classification and rule generation of modes of radiowave propagation

“…On the right-hand side of (1), the first term is called the dry term and the other the wet term [18]. This expression of radiorefractivity is valid up to 100 GHz, with an error less than 0.5%.…”

PERBANDINGAN PROFIL HUJAN VERTIKAL RADAR CUACA DENGAN MICRO RAIN RADAR SELAMA KEJADIAN HUJAN SEDANG (Studi Kasus : Intensive Observation Period 2016)

“…Berdasarkan Gambar 4, terlihat bahwa atenuasi oleh uap air semakin meningkat seiring meningkatnya frekuesi gelombang, hingga mencapai puncak pada frekuensi sekitar 20 GHz sebelum akhirnya turun kembali seiring bertambahnya frekuensi (Bean & Dutton, 1961).…”

“…Gambar 4. Atenuasi atmosfer oleh uap air dan oksigen pada tekanan standar (1013.25 mb) sebagai fungsi frekuensi (Bean & Dutton, 1961).…”