Concepts for Mechanical Abuse Testing of High-Voltage Batteries

Sinz, Wolfgang; Feist, Florian; Gstrein, Gregor; Gugler, Jürgen; Tomasch, Ernst; Breitfuß, Christoph; Luttenberger, Peter; Steffan, Hermann; Gollob, Peter; Hennige, Volker

doi:10.4271/2012-01-0124

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The use of functional cells, also known as live-cells, increases the risk of a thermal runaway occurring. These tests are thus performed in a fire-proof environment [2,18]. Furthermore the investigation of the test specimen and reconstruction of the events during and after the test is virtually impossible to implement since thermal destruction cannot be reversed once started.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The protection of a vehicle's traction battery from crash-related damage is a priority focus in most current electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) designs. Battery failure induced by mechanical loads (acceleration and/or intrusion) can lead to electrical and chemical hazards together with fire, which can result in serious danger to life, the environment and the infrastructure [1,2] and should therefore not occur in the field. This explains today's design guidelines for vehicle batteries, where deformation and excessive accelerations in case of a crash are not acceptable for most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Method for Determination of the Internal Short Resistance and Heat Evolution at Different Mechanical Loads of a Lithium Ion Battery Cell Based on Dummy Pouch Cells

et al. 2016

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Within the scope of developing a multi-physical model describing battery behavior during and after the mechanical load (accelerations, intrusions) of a vehicle's high voltage battery, an internal short circuit model is of deep interest for a virtual hazard assessment. The internal short resistance and the size of the affected area must be known as a minimum for determining the released heat and, in consequence, the temperatures. The internal short resistance of purpose-built dummy pouch cells, filled with electrolyte-like solvent without conductive salt, has thus been measured in a given short area under various compressive loads. The resistances for different short scenarios obtained are analyzed and described in a mathematical form. Short circuit experiments with dummy cells using an external power source have also been carried out. This setup allows the measurement of the temperature evolution at a known current and a determination of the actual short resistance. The post-mortem analysis of the samples shows a correlation between the maximum temperatures, released short heat and the separator melt diameter.

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Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for Determination of the Internal Short Resistance and Heat Evolution at Different Mechanical Loads of a Lithium Ion Battery Cell Based on Dummy Pouch Cells

et al. 2016

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“…Damage to a Li-Ion battery may lead to severe reactions (i.e., smoke, fire, explosion) [8]. The causes and failure mechanisms for this [9][10][11][12], together with the consequences of battery damage [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] have been extensively discussed in the literature. In addition to other failure causation, adverse processes due to the contamination of the electrode material [24,25] may not be obvious in the first place and can lead to catastrophic reactions such as thermal runaway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for In-Operando Contamination of Lithium Ion Batteries for Prediction of Impurity-Induced Non-Obvious Cell Damage

et al. 2022

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The safety of lithium-ion batteries within electrified vehicles plays an important role. Hazards can arise from contaminated batteries resulting from non-obvious damages or insufficient production processes. A systematic examination requires experimental methods to provoke a defined contamination. Two prerequisites were required: First, the extent and type of contamination should be determinable to exclude randomness. Second, specimens should work properly before the contamination, enabling realistic behavior. In this study, two experimental methods were developed to allow for the first time a controlled and reproducible application of water or oxygen into 11 single-layer full cells (Li4Ti5O12/LiCoO2) used as specimens during electrical cycling. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to continuously monitor the specimens and to fit the parameters of an equivalent circuit model (ECM). For the first time, these parameters were used to calibrate a machine-learning algorithm which was able to predict the contamination state. A decision tree was calibrated with the ECM parameters of eight specimens (training data) and was validated by predicting the contamination state of the three remaining specimens (test data). The prediction quality proved the usability of classification algorithms to monitor for contaminations or non-obvious battery damage after manufacturing and during use. It can be an integral part of battery management systems that increases vehicle safety.

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“…Currently, the strict environmental constraints have made the transport sector focus on the clean technologies to reduce emissions in the environment [1]. In this context, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution to reduce the tank-to-wheel emissions in the road transport [2] as they offer a zero emission in the driving mode [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons from the Electric Vehicle Crashworthiness Leading to Battery Fire

Chombo

Laoonual

2021

Energies

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are currently emerging as alternative vehicles due to their high energy efficiency and low emissions during driving. However, regarding the raising concern, the safety of EVs can further be improved before they completely replace conventional vehicles. This paper focuses on reviewing the safety requirements of EVs, especially those powered by Li-ion battery, based on the mechanical abuse tests from the international standards, national standards, regulations and other laboratories standards, and safety of occupants from the regulations and safety programs. Moreover, the publicly reported real-world fire incidents of EVs based on road crashes were collected and reviewed. The objective is to highlight the gap and challenges arose between the current safety requirements and real-world fire incidents of EVs and provide the way for assisting the future research in the area of EV safety, particularly light duty passenger vehicle. The serious challenges observed include high impact speed, multi-crashes per incident, multiple barriers of different types involved in the accident, and post-crash safety (serious injury and demise) of occupants and rescue teams. While addressing these challenges, this review will aid researchers and manufacturers working in batteries, EVs, and fire safety engineering to narrow the gap and enhance the safety of future EVs in areas of battery materials, fire extinguishing, and vehicle’s body structure.

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Concepts for Mechanical Abuse Testing of High-Voltage Batteries

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Method for Determination of the Internal Short Resistance and Heat Evolution at Different Mechanical Loads of a Lithium Ion Battery Cell Based on Dummy Pouch Cells

Method for Determination of the Internal Short Resistance and Heat Evolution at Different Mechanical Loads of a Lithium Ion Battery Cell Based on Dummy Pouch Cells

Method for In-Operando Contamination of Lithium Ion Batteries for Prediction of Impurity-Induced Non-Obvious Cell Damage

Lessons from the Electric Vehicle Crashworthiness Leading to Battery Fire

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