Concentrations of Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim in Blood and Endometrium of Mares After Administration of an Oral Suspension

Davolli, Gabriel Monteiro; Beavers, Kelli N.; Medina, V.; Sones, Jenny L.; Pinto, Carlos; Paccamonti, Dale L.; Causey, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.022

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…S10, ESI † ), only a slight variation of silver( i ) was detected, but during treatment, the ion concentration did not exceed 10 ppm. Since the concentration of free ions in the course of treatment with commercial cream (Sulfadiazine cream 1%) exceeds, in some cases, much more than 10 ppm, 57 we can conclude that the treatment we proposed with AgNP-based cream accumulates smaller amount of free Ag( i ) ions in blood of the treated animals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

NMR insights on nano silver post-surgical treatment of superficial caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants

et al. 2018

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

NMR insights on nano silver post-surgical treatment of superficial caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants

et al. 2018

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“…Correspondingly, many respondents reported to have abandoned intrauterine use of antibiotics in favor of systemic administration, because it was perceived to result in a more favorable outcome. In fact, the efficacy of many antibiotics, e.g., trimethoprim sulfadiazine ( 53 ) and gentamicin ( 54 ), for the systemic treatment of equine endometritis has been demonstrated. Furthermore, reservations regarding the costs of systemic antibiotics and veterinary service ( 13 ) are unwarranted, since oral treatment with trimethoprim sulfadiazine is inexpensive and effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria ( 53 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, the efficacy of many antibiotics, e.g., trimethoprim sulfadiazine ( 53 ) and gentamicin ( 54 ), for the systemic treatment of equine endometritis has been demonstrated. Furthermore, reservations regarding the costs of systemic antibiotics and veterinary service ( 13 ) are unwarranted, since oral treatment with trimethoprim sulfadiazine is inexpensive and effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria ( 53 ). Due to these advantages, it is the antibiotic of choice for the majority of the participants in the study, although it severely reduces bacterial diversity in the fecal microbiota ( 52 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic and Treatment Practices of Equine Endometritis—A Questionnaire

et al. 2020

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Endometritis is a major cause for impaired fertility in mares. The objectives of this study were to collect information on diagnostic and treatment practices performed by veterinarians and to investigate possible effects of professional experience, caseload, and geographical location on the practitioners' management of endometritis cases. For this purpose, equine practitioners ( n = 680) were asked to fill out an online survey (34 questions). The online survey yielded 117 responses by veterinarians practicing in all parts of Germany. Most respondents came from Lower Saxony and managed <20 mares per year. For the diagnosis of chronic infectious endometritis, uterine sampling for microbiological examination was performed manually with a swab by the majority of practitioners whereas only few used the speculum technique. The incidence of antibiotic resistant pathogens was reported to be <5% by almost all respondents. Most practitioners relied on systemic antibiotic treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. Only occasionally veterinarians used intrauterine antibiotic therapy. Uterine lavages were performed routinely by almost half of the respondents in case of positive uterine cultures, mostly with 0.9% saline solution. Irritant solutions (e.g., iodine, chlorhexidine, kerosene) were used less often. Collection of an endometrial culture after completion of the treatment was common practice. While only a very limited association of the geographical location of practitioner (e.g., on selection of mares for endometrial culture, p < 0.05) was observed, the number of managed mares affected the answers notably (e.g., for use of irritating intrauterine treatment, p < 0.05). The management of persistent breeding induced endometritis (PBIE) was influenced by the number of managed mares (e.g., for use of oxytocin, p < 0.05) and 29.6% of respondents administered antibiotics as part of their PBIE management. In summary, treatment strategies in the field vary considerably and include also non-evidence-based methods, but most German practitioners apply the recommended suitable treatments. Following the guidelines for antibiotic usage, most veterinarians administer antibiotics dependent on endometrial culture results but do not use cytology, low-volume lavage, or biopsy routinely. Antibiotic resistant uterine pathogens are reported to be isolated infrequently and equine practitioners prefer systemic to local antibiotic treatment of endometritis.

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“…The penetration of antibiotics into uterine tissue and secretions depends on the pharmacodynamics of the particular compound, the dose and route of administration, and duration of exposure. Concentrations of sulfadiazine-trimethoprim administered orally were reported to exceed MIC in the endometrium of healthy mares [ 37 ]. Enrofloxacilin given by the intravenous route was effective against uterine infections, i.e., achieved effective concentrations in uterine tissue [ 38 ], whereas it was not recommended for uterine lavage due to tissue irritation [ 39 ].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance In the Mare’s Reproductive Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction

Malaluang

Wilén

Lindahl

et al. 2021

Animals

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Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics following low-level “background” exposure to antimicrobial agents as well as from exposure at therapeutic levels during treatment for bacterial infections. In this review, we look specifically at antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the equine reproductive tract and its possible origin, focusing particularly on antibiotics in semen extenders used in preparing semen doses for artificial insemination. Our review of the literature indicated that AMR in the equine uterus and vagina were reported worldwide in the last 20 years, in locations as diverse as Europe, India, and the United States. Bacteria colonizing the mucosa of the reproductive tract are transferred to semen during collection; further contamination of the semen may occur during processing, despite strict attention to hygiene at critical control points. These bacteria compete with spermatozoa for nutrients in the semen extender, producing metabolic byproducts and toxins that have a detrimental effect on sperm quality. Potential pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa may occasionally cause fertility issues in inseminated mares. Antibiotics are added during semen processing, according to legislation, to impede the growth of these microorganisms but may have a detrimental effect on sperm quality, depending on the antimicrobial agent and concentration used. However, this addition of antibiotics is counter to current recommendations on the prudent use of antibiotics, which recommend that antibiotics should be used only for therapeutic purposes and after establishing bacterial sensitivity. There is some evidence of resistance among bacteria found in semen samples. Potential alternatives to the addition of antibiotics are considered, especially physical removal separation of spermatozoa from bacteria. Suggestions for further research with colloid centrifugation are provided.

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Concentrations of Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim in Blood and Endometrium of Mares After Administration of an Oral Suspension

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

NMR insights on nano silver post-surgical treatment of superficial caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants

NMR insights on nano silver post-surgical treatment of superficial caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants

Diagnostic and Treatment Practices of Equine Endometritis—A Questionnaire

Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction

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