Concentrations of antibodies in paired maternal and infant sera: Relationship to IgG subclass

Einhorn, Menachem; Granoff, Dan M.; Nahm, Moon H.; Quinn, Anthony; Shackelford, Penelope G.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80268-8

Cited by 98 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In some studies, transplacental transmission of IgG2 has been found to be less efficient than that of other IgG subclasses (9,14,22), probably due to the low binding ability of placental immunoglobulin receptors for IgG2 (35). Other studies of transplacental transmission have established low ratios for antibodies to serotype 7F (0.63) (13), for antibodies to native type III group B streptococcus polysaccharide (5), and for antigroup A streptococcal polysaccharide antibodies (16). Our results showing different ratios for serotypes 6B and 14 are in agreement with those of Anderson et al, who found much lower transmission ratios for antibodies to serotype 6A (0.54) than for serotype 14 (0.89) (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

862 Transplacental transmission of serotype-specific pneumococcal antibodies in a Brazilian population

Calvalho¹,

Sampaio²,

Solé³

et al. 1996

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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The highest incidence of severe pneumococcal infections in children occurs in the first 6 months of life; however, immunization of infants with the existing polysaccharide vaccines is ineffective. We wished to determine the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) pneumococcal antibodies in unimmunized Brazilian mothers and their transplacental transmission to term and preterm infants. Total IgG, IgG1 and -2 subclass levels, and IgG antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 6B, 9V, and 14 were determined in 15 pairs of mothers and term newborns (gestational age, >37 weeks) and in 18 pairs of mothers and preterm newborns (gestational age, 32 to 36 weeks). Serotype-specific anti-pneumococcal antibodies were detected by a recently standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay calibrated with the 89-SF reference serum. Varying percentages of the mothers had antibody concentrations below arbitrarily defined protective levels: 33% for serotype 1, 67% for serotype 3, 30% for serotype 6B, 52% for serotype 9V, and 22% for serotype 14. In term newborns, IgG1 concentrations were slightly higher than maternal concentrations; in preterm newborns, the concentrations were much lower. Concentrations of IgG2 in term and preterm infants were significantly lower than in the mothers. Transplacental transmission of antibodies to serotypes 3 and 14 was clearly different from that of antibodies to serotypes 1, 6B, and 9V. Concentrations of IgG antibodies against serotypes 3 and 14 were similar to or higher than those of the mothers; against serotypes 1, 6B, and 9V they ranged from 77 to 83% of maternal concentrations in term newborns and also in preterm infants, although transplacental transmission of antibodies was proportionally lower for each specific serotype in preterm than in term infants. These data are relevant for developing strategies to protect infants against pneumococcal infections in the first months of life. Our findings and a review of existing information stress the importance of understanding the relationships among pneumococcal immunization, IgG subclass antibodies to individual serotypes, transplacental transport, half-life, and antibody function and their protective values against infection.Pneumococcal infections cause high morbidity and mortality in children during the first 2 years of life, with the highest incidence of severe, systemic pneumococcal infections occurring in the first year of life (15,18). Immunization of infants with the existing polysaccharide vaccines, however, becomes effective only after 2 years of age.Conjugate pneumococcal vaccines containing five or seven polysaccharides have been found to be immunogenic in the first year of life in several studies (1,3,31). However, these vaccines are still experimental and the small number of serotype polysaccharides included in the vaccines may limit the coverage they offer. A 10-year study of 308 cases of meningitis in children under 2 years of age in São Paulo, Brazil (48), reveals that vaccine formula B, which includes serotypes 1, 5,...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

862 Transplacental transmission of serotype-specific pneumococcal antibodies in a Brazilian population

Calvalho¹,

Sampaio²,

Solé³

et al. 1996

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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“…In the human, the placenta is the predominant route (Dancis et al, 1961;Linnet-Jepsen and Galatius-Jensen, 1958). Immunoglobulins in the fetal circulation almost exclusively consist of maternal IgG and a wide spectrum of different antibodies like specific IgG antitetanous toxoid, anti-group-A streptococcal carbohydrate and anti-herpes simplex virus have been described (Eichhorn et al, 1987;Osuga et al, 1992). Throughout evolution the placenta developed a complex transport system to allow a large variety of highly specific antibodies to cross the different tissue layers without interfering with the protective function of the barrier between maternal and fetal organism.…”

Section: Evolution Of Maternofetal Transport Of Immunoglobulins Durinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptor-mediated uptake and transport of macromolecules in the human placenta

Schneider¹,

Miller²

2010

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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The human placenta is required to be the anchor, the conduit and the controller during pregnancy. The survival of the baby and its associated placenta is dependent upon the placenta shielding the embryo/fetus from harm, e.g., autoimmune disease -thrombophilia, antiphospholipid syndrome or infections, while simultaneously providing for the passage of critical nutrients (e.g., amino acids, vitamins) and beneficial immunoglobulins. In a number of instances, the movements of macromolecules into and through the placenta can result in the passage of the intact molecules into the fetal circulation or in the case of proteins -catabolism to amino acids which are utilized by the placenta and the fetus for continued growth and development. The transfer of two such macromolecules, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin or B12), are examined as to the unique receptor-mediated transfer capability of the human placenta, its transfer specificity as related to specific receptors and the role of endogeneous placental proteins (trancobalamins) in facilitating the recognition and transport of specifically B12. Brief comparisons will be made to other animal species and the differences in specific organ transfer capabilities. KEY WORDS: immunoglobulin IgG, transcobalamin, vitamin B12, placental transport, human Overview of macromolecule transport and catabolism by the placenta and extraembryonic membranes in different speciesThe development of the embryo and fetus is dependent upon the function of the placenta and its extraembryonic membranes in every mammalian species. Of significance is the interdependence of theses extraembryonic tissues in maintaining the conceptus and allowing for normal development.Across species, macromolecules play multiple roles in providing for this development. In particular, the transport physiologists and membrane biochemist focus on the transporters and the transcytosis that occurs for immuno-regulators and essential vitamins for normal development. Yet even the basic building blocks created by the degradation of these macromolecules provide for the growth of both fetus and placenta. The large contribution of amino acids from the metabolism of proteins, e.g., maternal albumin and other circulating proteins, provide the large Int.

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“…First, purified IgG in amounts comparable to a given concentration of serum was not as potent as the serum itself, suggesting that other proteins, e.g., IgA, could also be involved. Second, different IgG subclasses are not transported across the placenta with equal efficiency, and it is possible that the anti-InlB antibodies are of a subtype that does not achieve a sufficiently high concentration in the neonatal circulation (107,110).…”

Section: Listeria Monocytogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Intracellular Bacteria

2004

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Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is a severe and frequently fatal event during the course of many diseases caused by microbes with predominantly intracellular life cycles. Examples of these include the facultative intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Brucella and Salmonella spp. and obligate intracellular microbes of the Rickettsiaceae family and Tropheryma whipplei. Unfortunately, the mechanisms used by intracellular bacterial pathogens to enter the CNS are less well known than those used by bacterial pathogens with an extracellular life cycle. The goal of this review is to elaborate on the means by which intracellular bacterial pathogens establish infection within the CNS. This review encompasses the clinical and pathological findings that pertain to the CNS infection in humans and includes experimental data from animal models that illuminate how these microbes enter the CNS. Recent experimental data showing that L. monocytogenes can invade the CNS by more than one mechanism make it a useful model for discussing the various routes for neuroinvasion used by intracellular bacterial pathogens

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Concentrations of antibodies in paired maternal and infant sera: Relationship to IgG subclass

Cited by 98 publications

References 30 publications

862 Transplacental transmission of serotype-specific pneumococcal antibodies in a Brazilian population

862 Transplacental transmission of serotype-specific pneumococcal antibodies in a Brazilian population

Receptor-mediated uptake and transport of macromolecules in the human placenta

Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Intracellular Bacteria

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