Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Intracellular Bacteria

Drevets, Douglas A.; Leenen, Pieter J. M.; Greenfield, Ronald A.

doi:10.1128/cmr.17.2.323-347.2004

Cited by 218 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 393 publications

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“…However, more recently Ly-6C lo monocytes were observed to patrol blood vessels continuously by crawling on the endothelial lining, allowing them to rapidly extravasate during inflammation, and now they are proposed to coordinate further recruitment of inflammatory cells [30]. Thus, the role of Ly-6C lo monocytes during inflammation should not be discounted, though there is ample evidence that these monocytes figure quantitatively less significantly in inflammation than their Ly-6C hi monocyte counterparts [17][18][19]25,26,[32][33][34][35]. Beyond these studies, where much remains to be resolved, another body of work raises the possibility that Ly-6C lo monocytes may have a key role in presenting antigen for the purposes of driving T-independent antibody production by B cells, as we now discuss.…”

Section: Monocyte Subsetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigen presentation by monocytes and monocyte-derived cells

Randolph

Jakubzick

2008

Current Opinion in Immunology

204

177

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SummaryMonocytes are circulating mononuclear phagocytes with a fundamental capacity to differentiate into macrophages. This differentiation can, in the presence of the right environmental cues, be re-directed instead to dendritic cells (DCs). Recent advances have been made in understanding the role of monocytes and their derivatives in presenting antigen to drive immune responses, and we review this topic herein. We briefly discuss the heterogeneity of monocytes in the blood and subsequently raise the possibility that one of the major monocyte phenotypes in the blood corresponds with a population of "blood DCs" previously proposed to drive T-independent antibody reactions in the spleen. Then we evaluate the role of monocytes in T-dependent immunity, considering their role in acquiring antigens for presentation prior to exiting the bloodstream and their ability to differentiate into macrophages versus antigen-presenting DCs. Finally, we review recent literature on the role of monocyte-derived cells in cross-presentation and discuss the possibility that monocyte-derived cells participate critically in processing antigen for cross-priming, even if they do not present that antigen to T cells themselves.Just recently, we participated in a group discussion with other colleagues whose research interests includes the biology of monocytes, and the discussion moved to the point of whether one can define the term "monocyte." Not all of our colleagues believed that such a definition could be clearly made in the current molecular age where cell types are readily divided up and defined by the presence and absence of an array of cell surface markers. However, we cannot approach research on the subject of monocytes without drawing a definition for these cells. Though universal agreement on this definition may not be possible, as we learned during this recent collegial exchange, the definition we adhere to is practical and a product of our training and discussion with other experts on monocytes over more than 15 years. For decades, a monocyte was identifiable morphologically and functionally as the mononuclear phagocyte in the blood [1][2][3]. Corresponding with this definition was the understanding that the cell readily differentiated into macrophages. Thus, our research on monocytes operates under the premise that monocytes are (a) mononuclear cells in the circulation with (b) the capacity for phagocytosis and (c) propensity to differentiate to macrophages at least in some settings. Some cell types, often termed circulating dendritic cells (DCs), have been identified in human blood that fit one or both of the first two parts of the definition but so far not the third [4][5][6]. So, fittingly, these latter cells are not included in the definition of monocytes. We also uphold the view that the term "monocyte" defines a cell that is in the bloodstream. Once a monocyte extravasates into tissue, a differentiation program toward macrophages or DCs begins, and the cell should no longer be referred to as a monocyte, but rather as a mo...

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Section: Monocyte Subsetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigen presentation by monocytes and monocyte-derived cells

Randolph

Jakubzick

2008

Current Opinion in Immunology

204

177

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“…This mechanism of direct binding of OmpA to Fc␥RIa NG sites is quite contrary to the mechanisms used by several other bacteria, which utilize a "Trojan horse" mechanism to enter the central nervous system (30). S. aureus avoids macrophage recognition by binding to IgG via protein A, whereas other microbes manipulate macrophage activity by secreting effector proteins (1,4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

The Interaction of N-Glycans in Fcγ Receptor I α-Chain with Escherichia coli K1 Outer Membrane Protein A for Entry into Macrophages

Krishnan

Liu

Abrol

et al. 2014

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: Escherichia coli OmpA interacts with Fc␥RI ␣-chain (Fc␥RIa) to invade macrophages. Results: Lack of three N-glycans in Fc␥RIa prevents E. coli invasion of macrophages and the onset of meningitis. Conclusion: OmpA binding to Fc␥RIa via N-glycans is crucial in the pathogenesis of E. coli meningitis. Significance: Targeting OmpA and Fc␥RIa interface may be a therapy for E. coli-induced meningitis.

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“…In a report of Drevets DA shows in 5.7%-13.5% of patients suffers from Meningismus or meningitis [11]. Mahajan etal retrospectively analyzed data of scrub typhus positive cases for CNS involvement from 2004-2006 from India.…”

Section: Scrub Typhus and Cns Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several reports of Rickettsial diseases in India are well documented stating the disease outbreak periodically. A main diagnostic criterion includes presence of eschar at site of tick bite along with patients travel history in the endemic region [11].…”

Section: Epidemiological Scenario In Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Condition of Scrub Typhus Meningo-Encephalitis in a Child:A Case Report from Delhi, India

Sharma¹,

Malik²,

Gupta³

et al. 2014

CMRA

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Intracellular parasites are the causative organism of Rickettsial diseases which are pathophysiologically associated with vascular endothelium and reticuloendothelial cells. Scrub typhus is one of the rickettsial infections, where fever is a common symptom. Apart from this, non specific constitutional symptoms and sometimes organ based deterioration including CNS has also been observed. There are reports of scrub typhus with CNS complication like meningoencephalitis in adolescent and adults from various parts of India but not from Delhi. Recently few cases of scrub typhus in adults were reported from Delhi without involvement of CNS. Its occurrence as severe case of hemorrhagic fever with meningo-encephalitis is rarer in children and not so far reported from state of Delhi. We present a case of 4 year old female child from Delhi presenting with scrub typhus meningo-encephalitis, whose timely diagnosis and management saved her life and make us notice the emergence of meningoencephalitic like picture in children in Delhi.

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Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Intracellular Bacteria

Cited by 218 publications

References 393 publications

Antigen presentation by monocytes and monocyte-derived cells

Antigen presentation by monocytes and monocyte-derived cells

The Interaction of N-Glycans in Fcγ Receptor I α-Chain with Escherichia coli K1 Outer Membrane Protein A for Entry into Macrophages

Severe Condition of Scrub Typhus Meningo-Encephalitis in a Child:A Case Report from Delhi, India

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