Concentration and Gas-particle Partition of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs in the Ambient Air of Ansan Area

Abstract

After establishment of Banwol industrial complex in 1987, Ansan city becomes the largest industrial sector development in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. As the population and industrial activity grow over this region, toxic air pollutants, particularly POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) from various emission sources have been major public concerns. Air samples for POPs monitoring were collected at the industrial sites (A 2 ), residential sites (B 1 , B 2 ), commercial site (C), and rural/remote site (D) of the area of Ansan during 2008 with a prolonged industrial sampling site A 1 from 2001 to 2008. All samples were analysed for 2,3,7,8 substituted-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin like polychlorinatd diphenyls (dl-PCBs).In site A 1 , a steady decline of their concentrations from 2003 to 2008 was observed due to the reinforced emission guideline from waste incinerators. The average concentration of the PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs ranged between 0.118 pg-TEQ/m 3 (rural/remote site D) and 0.532 pg-TEQ/m 3 (industrial area A 2 ). These level were generally consistent with previous studies in Gyeonggi-do, while higher than other places. Most of PCDD/Fs congener were partitioned into particle phase, whereas dl-PCBs were partitioned into gas phase. The logarithm of gas-particle partition coefficient K P of dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs were well correlated with sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure P L . The slope m T of log K P versus log P L for PCDD/Fs (-1.22) and dl-PCBs (-1.02) in industrial area (A 2 ) were high compared to other residential/commercial area. It suggests that this area was likely influenced by the direct emission source of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. To simulate the partition of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs between gas and particle phase, Junge-Pankow model (P L -base) and K oa model were applied. It was found that J-P model was more suitable than the K oa model in this study.

Depositional characteristics of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers on tree barks

“…Generally, the gas fraction of POPs, including PBDEs in the atmosphere, increases as the molecular weight of POPs decreases; on the other hand, the particle fraction of POPs increases as the MW of POPs increases [ 10 , 16 , 21 , 23 ]. The principal depositional mechanism of the lipophilic atmospheric gaseous POPs on the tree barks includes dry deposition on the lipids of the tree barks, whereas the principal depositional mechanism of particulate POPs includes dry and wet deposition (adhesion) on the surfaces of tree barks [ 10 , 16 , 22 , 24 , 25 ].…”

“…The deposition also depends significantly on the gas/particle fraction of POPs in the atmosphere [ 16 - 18 ]. POPs are present both in the gas phase and particulate phase since they are SOCs; because PBDEs have a greater molecular weight than PCBs and PCDD/Fs, even lower brominated PBDEs have relatively greater particle fraction [ 16 - 21 ]. During the deposition of the atmospheric gaseous POPs on tree barks, several years are required to reach equilibrium between the atmospheric POPs concentration and the POPs concentration on the tree barks; thus, a cumulative deposition occurs.…”

Persistent Organic Chemicals in the Pacific Basin Countries: An Overview

“…Dieldrin was banned in 1971 and no longer used in S. Korea. Heptachlor and HCH were banned in 1979 and endosulfan was banned later in 2010 (29,30). According to Eco-labeling policy some of the PBDEs were restricted beginning 2006 (31).…”

“…According to Eco-labeling policy some of the PBDEs were restricted beginning 2006 (31). Also some perfluorinated compounds were also restricted in 2015 with permanent exemption until development of alternatives (until 2025) (30). Reductil, a pharmaceutical chemical was banned in 2010 due to side effects such as stroke and myocardial infarction (32).…”

Atmospheric Distribution of PCDD/F Concentrations in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

“…다이옥신 (Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurnas; PCDD/Fs)은 대표적인 잔류성유기오염 물질 (Persistent organic pollutants; POPs)로서 환경 중 의 높은 잔류성, 생물 농축성, 장거리이동의 특성을 지 니고 있다 (UNEP, 1999;Lohmann and Jones, 1998 (Choi et al, 2008 (Abad et al, 2007;Lohmann et al, 1999;Lohmann and Jones, 1998 Wang et al, 2009) (Heo et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2007;Oh et al, 2006) (Mari et al, 2008;Abad et al, 2007;Coutinho et al, 2007;Caserini et al, 2004;Mandalakis et al, 2002), 중국의 공업지역보다는 낮은 농도의 특성 을 보여주고 있다 (Li et al, 2011;Li et al, 2008 (Min et al, 2013;Shin et al, 2011;Raun et al, 2005;Correa et al, 2004;Lohmann and Jones, 1998) 3,4,7,2,3,6,7,2,3,7,8,7D: 1,2,3,4,6,7,8D: OCDD,4F: 2,3,7,5F: 1,2,3,7,3,4,7,6F: 1,<...>…”