Comunidades ribeirinhas como forma socioespacial de expressão urbana na Amazônia: uma tipologia para a região do Baixo Tapajós (Pará-Brasil)

Abstract

O fenômeno urbano na Amazônia contemporânea se estende pelo território e se estrutura por diversas formas socioespaciais, tais como as comunidades locais, que, ao formarem redes urbanas incipientes, têm características particulares definindo sua importância na estruturação do território regional. Neste artigo, é proposto o uso de técnicas qualiquantitativas para definir uma tipologia para as comunidades ribeirinhas do Baixo Tapajós (Pará): variáveis descritoras, obtidas por questionários de campo aplicados a 62 comunidades, entre Santarém e Itaituba, e submetidas à estatística multivariada. A partir da análise de componentes principais para 30 variáveis e agrupamento hierárquico, cinco grupos de comunidades foram identificados e descritos; resultado considerado consistente com as observações de campo. Variáveis relacionadas principalmente ao uso da terra e à infraestrutura condicionaram esta classificação. Comunidades em unidades de conservação, independente da localização na margem do Rio Tapajós, apresentaram situação distinta das demais, sendo que a presença do Estado, suportando programas governamentais, mostrou-se fundamental para manutenção de todas as comunidades.

Locality Attributes and Networks Serving to Reveal Amazonian Urbanization beyond the Cities

“…From the perspective of an extended territory composed of a diversity of urban socio‐spatial forms (Dal'Asta and others ), the localities represent the nodes that structure an urban fabric at the local level. At this scale, our findings corroborate with previous studies (Guedes, Costa, and Brondizio ; Amaral and others ; Pinho and Cardoso ; Lana and others ). There is, in fact, a hierarchy of localities established by their descriptive attributes related to its own organization and structure.…”

“…Considering localities as fixed elements of the Amazonian urban fabric, a set of descriptive variables was used to search for locality similarities and differences. Complementary to previous studies for the riverine localities at Tapajós (Amaral and others ) and Arapiuns (Dal'Asta, Amaral, and Monteiro ) rivers, we asked: 1) Do locality attributes, defined by available infrastructure, access to services, the presence of urban equipment, and land use, allow us to identify locality clusters of similar conditions and infrastructure? and 2) Is it possible to identify a hierarchy of localities based on these attributes?…”

“…A simplified set of twenty‐eight independent variables was selected from the fieldwork questionnaires related to the internal organization and locality's history, health and education services, urban infrastructure, and land use. The data was normalized and the values were mapped to the interval from zero to one, considering zero as the worse urban condition and one as the best urban condition of the observed attribute (Amaral and others ). The detailed set of localities descriptive variables is shown in table .…”

“…Districts, villages, localities, communities, and a variety of spatial units of human occupation (Dal'Asta and others ), with different arrangements and densities are found over the extensive territories of Amazonian municipalities. Because of that, several authors have focused on these spatial units, or urban fixed elements in the territory, to discuss the contemporary urbanization in the Amazon (Cardoso and Lima ; Guedes, Costa, and Brondizio ; Dal'Asta and others ; Amaral and others ). The urban phenomenon and urbanization are then considered extensive (Monte‐Mór ): a process that extends over the territory, including other socio‐spatial forms beyond cities, and that includes the capacity of urban values to interfere in the changes throughout the space.…”

Remote sensing image processing to identify spatial units of human occupation along Trans-Amazonian Highway (BR-230), Brazil

“…In this work it is assumed the extensive urbanization concept, proposing that distinction of Amazonian urban and rural is increasingly blurred because Amazonian urbanization extends along the territory [1] and reaches structured and formal cities and villages, including other sociospatial units of human occupation [2]. Observing cities and communities are important because they configure socio-spatial forms linked to the urbanization process [3]. Identifying these population nuclei can provide information about where the population is concentred and offer clues as how it relates to the space and environment and, therefore, how Amazonian urban is structured.…”